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Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía

2022, Número 4

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Arch Neurocien 2022; 27 (4)


Disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica: concepto, fisiopatología clínica y terapéutica

Suárez-Escudero JC, Lema-Porto KS, Palacio-Patiño D, Izquierdo-Moreno M, Bedoya-Londoño CL

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 120
Paginas: 44-56
Archivo PDF: 153.52 Kb.


RESUMEN

El acto de tragar va más allá de un fenómeno mecánico. Es un proceso altamente complejo, elaborado y modelado por varios niveles del sistema nervioso. Su alteración es consecuencia directa o complicación asociada de varias patologías, donde sobresale la disfagia orofaríngea por etiología funcional de origen neurológico y neuromuscular. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo actualizar el conocimiento sobre los fundamentos y concepto de la disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica, y proveer información de utilidad clínica de sus principales causas. Los trastornos neurológicos son responsables de 70% a 80% de la etiología de la disfagia orofaríngea. Se produce principalmente por ictus, enfermedad de Parkinson, esclerosis múltiple, esclerosis lateral amiotrófica y traumatismo encéfalo craneano.
Conclusiones: La disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica resulta de lesiones en cualquier parte de los circuitos y estructuras centrales entre la corteza cerebral y los componentes periféricos de la deglución; sus déficits fisiológicos son variados. La comprensión conceptual, fisiopatológica y de características clínicas de las principales causas de disfagia neurogénica orientan a los equipos asistenciales para realizar acciones de detección, diagnóstico, tratamiento y rehabilitación oportuna.


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