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Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán

2026, Número 1

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Rev Biomed 2026; 37 (1)


Biomarcadores salivales, su importancia para la detección temprana de cáncer oral

Lugo-Huerta DU, Ramos-Baena JD, García-Contreras R

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 44
Paginas: 13-24
Archivo PDF: 379.19 Kb.


RESUMEN

El carcinoma oral de células escamosas (COCE) representa más del 90 % de los casos de cáncer oral, y su detección temprana mejora significativamente el pronóstico. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los casos se diagnostica en etapas avanzadas. Los microARN (miARN), pequeñas moléculas de ARN no codificante que regulan procesos celulares clave, han surgido como biomarcadores salivales no invasivos con potencial para el diagnóstico precoz del COCE. Esta revisión sistematizada tuvo como objetivo analizar la utilidad diagnóstica de los miARN salivales como herramientas moleculares para la detección temprana del COCE. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect y Google Scholar, utilizando términos en inglés relacionados con “salivary microRNAs” y “oral squamous cell carcinoma”, y se incluyeron artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años. Se priorizaron estudios clínicos y moleculares con rigor metodológico. Los resultados identificaron miARN clave como miR-21, miR-31, miR-125a y miR-200a, asociados con progresión tumoral, diferenciación celular y metástasis. Estos miARN, detectables en saliva mediante técnicas como RTqPCR, microarrays o secuenciación, mostraron sensibilidad y especificidad diagnóstica promedio entre 70 % y 85 %, mejorando al combinarse en paneles moleculares. Su estabilidad estructural en saliva y la correlación con el microambiente tumoral respaldan su aplicabilidad clínica. En conclusión, los miARN salivales representan una alternativa diagnóstica innovadora, accesible y mínimamente invasiva para el tamizaje del cáncer oral. No obstante, su implementación en la práctica odontológica y en programas de detección temprana requiere estudios multicéntricos de validación, estandarización de protocolos y desarrollo de plataformas clínicas sensibles, rápidas y escalables.


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