medigraphic.com

2008, Número S2

<< Anterior Siguiente >>

Arch Cardiol Mex 2008; 78 (S2)


Elevación extrema de la presión arterial (crisis hipertensiva): Recomendaciones para su abordaje clínico-terapéutico

Mendoza-González C, Rosas M, Lomelí EC, Lorenzo JA, Méndez A, Martínez-Reding J, Martínez-Sánchez C, Pastelín G, Férez-Santander SM, Attie F

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 61
Paginas: 74-81
Archivo PDF: 127.33 Kb.


RESUMEN

Desde inicios del siglo pasado fue definida la emergencia hipertensiva como la asociación de descontrol agudo de la presión arterial y la aparición de daño a órgano blanco. En la actualidad se reconoce la morbimortalidad que tiene consigo la emergencia hipertensiva, además de los aspectos de su fisiopatología en el que se incluyen fenómenos de vasomotricidad y la participación de diferentes sustancias con propiedades vasoactivas. La presentación clínica incluye no sólo las manifestaciones de la elevación de la presión arterial, sino que las que puedan ocasionar el daño a órganos blanco, por ello es que la emergencia hipertensiva requiere la reducción inmediata de la tensión arterial para prevenir el daño a órganos específicos. El tratamiento en cada caso deberá ser individualizado, con un amplio conocimiento de las características de cada fármaco para conseguir los mejores resultados. El diagnóstico y tratamiento de las emergencias hipertensivas requiere con frecuencia de la atención de sus complicaciones si es que han aparecido, y posteriormente de un tratamiento de sostén.


REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

  1. Marik PE, Varon J: Hypertensive crises. Challenges and Management. Chest 2007; 131: 1949-1962.

  2. Volhard F, Fahr T: Die brightsche Nierenkranbeit: Klinik, Pathologie und Atlas. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 1914.

  3. Keith NM, Wagener HP, Barker NW: Some different types of essential hypertension: their course and prognosis. Am J Med Sci 1939; 197: 332-343.

  4. Laragh J: Laragh’s lessons in pathophysiology and clinical pearls for treating hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2001; 14: 837-854.

  5. McRae RPJ, Liebson PR: Hypertensive crisis. Med Clin North Am 1986; 70: 749-767.

  6. Vidt DG: Current concepts in treatment of hypertensive emergencies. Am Heart J 1986; 111: 220-225.

  7. Hyattsville MD: Vital and health statistics: detailed diagnoses and procedures for patients discharged from short-stay hospitals: United States, 1983-1990. National Center for Health Statistics, 1997.

  8. Tisdale JE, Huang MB, Borzak S, et al: Risk factors for hypertensive crisis: importance of out-patient blood pressure control. Fam Pract 2004; 21: 420-424.

  9. Shea S, Misra D, Ehrlich MH, et al. Predisposing factors for severe, uncontrolled hypertension in an inner-city minority population. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 776-781.

  10. Tumlin JA, Dunbar LM, Oparil S, et al: Fenoldopam, a dopamine agonist, for hypertensive emergency: a multicenter randomized trial: fenoldopam Study Group. Acad Emerg Med 2000; 7: 653-662.

  11. Ault MJ, Ellrodt AG: Pathophysiological events leading to the end-organ effects of acute hypertension. Am J Emerg Med 1985; 3: 10-15.

  12. Wallach R, Karp RB, Reves JG, et al: Pathogenesis of paroxysmal hypertension developing during and after coronary bypass surgery: a study of hemodynamic and humoral factors. Am J Cardiol 1980; 46: 559-565.

  13. Funakoshi Y, Ichiki T, Ito K, et al: Induction of interleukin-6 expression by angiotensin II in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 1999; 34: 118-125.

  14. Han Y, Runge MS, Brasier AR: Angiotensin II induces interleukin-6 transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells through pleiotropic activation of nuclear factor- B transcription factors. Circ Res 1999; 84: 695-703.

  15. Zampaglione B, Pascale C, Marchisio M, et al: Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies: prevalence and clinical presentation. Hypertension 1996; 27: 144-147.

  16. Varon J, Marik PE: The diagnosis and management of hypertensive crises. Chest 2000; 118: 214-227.

  17. Rey E, LeLorier J, Burgess E, et al: Report of the Canadian Hypertension Society Consensus Conference: 3. Pharmacologic treatment of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Can Med Assoc J 1997; 157: 1245-1254.

  18. Hickler RB: Hypertensive emergency: a useful diagnostic category. Am J Public Health 1988; 78: 623-624.

  19. Garcia JYJ, Vidt DG: Current management of hypertensive emergencies. Drugs 1987; 34: 263-278.

  20. Fromm RE, Varon J, Gibbs L: Congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema for the emergency physician. J Emerg Med 1995; 13: 71-87.

  21. Gandhi SK, Powers JC, Nomeir AM, et al: The pathogenesis of acute pulmonary edema associated with hypertension. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 17-22.

  22. Strandgaard S, Olesen J, Skinhoj E, et al: Autoregulation of brain circulation in severe arterial hypertension. BMJ 1973; 1: 507-510.

  23. Khan IA, Nair CK: Clinical, diagnostic, and management perspectives of aortic dissection. Chest 2002; 122: 311-328.

  24. Estrera AL, Miller CC III, Safi HJ, et al: Outcomes of medical management of acute type B aortic dissection. Circulation 2006; 114: I384-I389.

  25. Khot UN, Novaro GM, Popovic ZB, et al: Nitroprusside in critically ill patients with left ventricular dysfunction and aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1756-1763.

  26. DiPette DJ, Ferraro JC, Evans RR, et al: Enalaprilat, an intravenous angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, in hypertensive crises. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985; 38: 199-204.

  27. Hirschl MM, Binder M, Bur A, et al: Impact of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on blood pressure response to intravenous enalaprilat in patients with hypertensive crises. J Hum Hypertens 1997; 11: 177-183.

  28. Kanot J, Allonen H, Kleimola T, et al: Pharmacokinetics of labetalol in healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1981; 19: 41-44.

  29. Goldberg ME, Clark S, Joseph J, et al: Nicardipine versus placebo for the treatment of postoperative hypertension. Am Heart J 1990; 119: 446-450.

  30. Pearce CJ, Wallin JD: Labetalol and other agents that block both - and -adrenergic receptors. Cleve Clin J Med 1994; 61: 5-69.

  31. Wallin JD: Adrenoreceptors and renal function. J Clin Hyperten 1985; 1: 171-178.

  32. Marx PG, Reid DS: Labetalol infusion in acute myocardial infarction with systemic hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1979; 8: 233S-238S.

  33. Olsen KS, Svendsen LB, Larsen FS, et al: Effect of labetalol on cerebral blood flow, oxygen metabolism and autoregulation in healthy humans. Br J Anaesth 1995; 75: 51-54.

  34. Schillinger D: Nifedipine in hypertensive emergencies: a prospective study. J Emerg Med 1987; 5: 463-473.

  35. Lambert CR, Hill JA, Feldman RL, et al: Effects of nicardipine on left ventricular function and energetics in man. Int J Cardiol 1986; 10: 237-250.

  36. Mann T, Cohn PF, Holman LB, et al:. Effect of nitroprusside on regional myocardial blood flow in coronary artery disease: results in 25 patients and comparison with nitroglycerin. Circulation 1978; 57: 732-738.

  37. Cohn JN, Franciosa JA, Francis GS, et al: Effect of shortterm infusion of sodium nitroprusside on mortality rate in acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular failure: results of a Veterans Administration cooperative study. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: 1129-1135.

  38. van Harten J, Burggraaf K, Danhof M, et al: Negligible sublingual absorption of nifedipine. Lancet 1987; 2: 1363-1365.

  39. Huysmans FT, Sluiter HE, Thien TA, et al: Acute treatment of hypertensive crisis with nifedipine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 16: 725-727.

  40. Grossman E, Messerli FH, Grodzicki T, et al: Should a moratorium be placed on sublingual nifedipine capsules given for hypertensive emergencies and pseudoemergencies? JAMA 1996; 276: 1328-1331.

  41. Bussmann WD, Kenedi P, von Mengden HJ, et al: Comparison of nitroglycerin with nifedipine in patients with hypertensive crisis or severe hypertension. Clin Investig 1992; 70: 1085-1088.

  42. Schroeder HA: Effects on hypertension of sulfhydryl and hydrazine compounds. J Clin Invest 1951; 30: 672-673.

  43. Shepherd AM, Ludden TM, McNay JL, et al: Hydralazine kinetics after single and repeated oral doses. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1980; 28: 804-811.

  44. Ludden TM, Shepherd AM, McNay JL, et al: Hydralazine kinetics in hypertensive patients after intravenous administration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1980; 28: 736-742.

  45. Kouchoukos NT, Dougenis D: Surgery of the thoracic aorta. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1876-1888.

  46. Chen K, Varon J, Wenker OC, et al: Acute thoracic aortic dissection: the basics. J Emerg Med 1997; 15: 859-867.

  47. O’Connor B, Luntley JB: Acute dissection of the thoracic aorta: esmolol is safer than and as effective as labetalol. BMJ 1995; 310: 875.

  48. Hoshino T, Ohmae M, Sakai A: Spontaneous resolution of a dissection of the descending aorta after medical treatment with a blocker and a calcium antagonist. Br Heart J 1987; 58: 82-84.

  49. Iguchi A, Tabayashi K: Outcome of medically treated Stanford type B aortic dissection. Jpn Circ J 1998; 62: 102-105.

  50. Britton M, Carlsson A, de Faire U: Blood pressure course in patients with acute stroke and matched controls. Stroke 1986; 17: 861-864.

  51. Wahlgren NG, MacMohon DG, De Keyser J, et al: The Intravenous Nimodipine West Europen Trial (INWEST) of nimodipine in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994; 4: 204-210.

  52. Ahmed N, Nasman P, Wahlgren NG:. Effect of intravenous nimodipine on blood pressure and outcome after acute stroke. Stroke 2000; 31: 1250-1255.

  53. Adams HP Jr, Adams RJ, Brott T, et al: Guidelines for the early management of patients with ischemic stroke: a scientific statement from the Stroke Council of the American Stroke Association. Stroke 2003; 34: 1056-1083.

  54. The European Stroke Initiative Executive Committee and the EUSI Writing Committee: European Stroke Initiative recommendations for stroke management: update 2003. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003; 16: 311-337.

  55. Semplicini A, Maresca A, Boscolo G, et al: Hypertension in acute ischemic stroke: a compensatory mechanism or an additional damaging factor? Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 211-216.

  56. Adams H, Adams R, Del ZG, et al: Guidelines for the early management of patients with ischemic stroke: 2005 guidelines update; a scientific statement from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2005; 36: 916-923.

  57. Schrader J, Luders S, Kulschewski A, et al: The ACCESS study: evaluation of acute candesartan cilexetil therapy in stroke survivors. Stroke 2003; 34: 1699-1703.

  58. Qureshi AI, Harris-Lane P, Kirmani JF, et al: Treatment of acute hypertension in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage using American Heart Association guidelines. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 1975-1980.

  59. Hollander JE: The management of cocaine-associated myocardial ischemia. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1267-1272.

  60. Boehrer JD, Moliterno DJ, Willard JE, et al: Influence of labetalol on cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction in humans. Am J Med 1993; 94: 608-610.

  61. Moore NA, Rees G, Sanger G, et al: Effect of L-type calcium channel modulators on stimulant-induced hyperactivity. Neuropharmacology 1993; 32: 719-720.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com