medigraphic.com
Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán

2017, Número 2

<< Anterior Siguiente >>

Rev Invest Clin 2017; 69 (2)


General Overview and Treatment Recommendations for Young Women with Breast Cancer

Ribnikar D, Ratoša I, Perhavec A, Amir E

Idioma: Ingles.
Referencias bibliográficas: 150
Paginas: 77-93
Archivo PDF: 146.11 Kb.


RESUMEN

Sin resumen.


REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

  1. WHO. Women and health. 2009. Available at: http://www.who.int/ gender/women_health_report/full_report_20091104_en.pdf

  2. Villarreal-Garza C, Aguila C, Magallanes-Hoyos MC, et al. Breast cancer in young women in Latin America: an unmet, growing burden. Oncologist. 2013;18:1298-306.

  3. Collins LC, Marotti JD, Gelber S, et al. Pathologic features and molecular phenotype by patient age in a large cohort of young women with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;131:1061-6.

  4. Partridge AH, Hughes ME, Ottesen RA, et al. The effect of age on delay in diagnosis and stage of breast cancer. Oncologist. 2012;17:775-82.

  5. Murphy CC, Bartholomew LK, Carpentier MY, Bluethmann SM, Vernon SW. Adherence to adjuvant hormonal therapy among breast cancer survivors in clinical practice: a systematic review. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;134:459-78.

  6. Cardoso F, Loibl S, Pagani O, et al. The European Society of Breast Cancer Specialists recommendations for the management of young women with breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48:3355-77.

  7. Partridge AH, Pagani O, Abulkhair O, et al. First international consensus guidelines for breast cancer in young women (BCY1). Breast. 2014;23:209-20.

  8. Kroman N, Jensen MB, Wohlfahrt J, Mouridsen HT, Andersen PK, Melbye M. Factors influencing the effect of age on prognosis in breast cancer: population based study. BMJ. 2000;320:4748.

  9. Gabriel CA, Domchek SM. Breast cancer in young women. Breast Cancer Res. 2010;12:212.

  10. De La Rochefordiere A, Asselain B, Campana F, Scholl SM, Fenton J, Vilcoq JR. Age as prognostic factor in premenopausal breast carcinoma. Lancet. 1993;341:1039-43.

  11. Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate. Fertil Steril. 2001;75:305-9.

  12. Smith IE, Dowsett M, Yap Y-S, et al. Adjuvant aromatase inhibitors for early breast cancer after chemotherapy-induced amenorrhoea: Caution and suggested guidelines. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2444-7.

  13. World Health Organization. Tech Rep Ser Res menopause Geneva Switz WHO. 1991;670.

  14. National Comprehensive Cancer Network practice guidelines in oncology. 2005. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_ gls/pdf/breast.pdf

  15. Coombes RC, Hall E, Gibson LJ, et al. A randomized trial of exemestane after two to three years of tamoxifen therapy in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1081-92.

  16. Goss PE, Ingle JN, Martino S, et al. A randomized trial of letrozole in postmenopausal women after five years of tamoxifen therapy for early-stage breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1793-802.

  17. Baum M, Budzar AU, Cuzick J, et al. Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: first results of the ATAC randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359:2131-9.

  18. Cooper GS, Baird DD, Darden FR. Measures of menopausal status in relation to demographic, reproductive, and behavioral characteristics in a population-based study of women aged 35-49 years. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153:1159-65.

  19. Delrio G, De Placido S, Pagliarulo C, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitaryovarian axis in women with operable breast cancer treated with adjuvant CMF and tamoxifen. Tumori. 1986;72:53-61.

  20. Lum SS, Woltering EA, Fletcher WS, Pommier RF. Changes in serum estrogen levels in women during tamoxifen therapy. Am J Surg. 1997;173:399-402.

  21. Amir E, Seruga B, Freedman O, Clemons M. Amenorrhoea, menopause, and endocrine therapy for breast cancer. BMJ. 2009; 339:b4261.

  22. Vital-Reyes V, Tellez-Velasco S, Chhieng D, Grizzle W, Reyes- Fuentes A. Spontaneous pregnancy in a woman with premature ovarian failure: a case report. J Reprod Med. 2004;49:989-91.

  23. Colleoni M, Rotmensz N, Robertson C, et al. Very young women (<35 years) with operable breast cancer: features of disease at presentation. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol. 2002;13:273-9.

  24. Han W, Kang SY, Korean Breast Cancer Society. Relationship between age at diagnosis and outcome of premenopausal breast cancer: age less than 35 years is a reasonable cut-off for defining young age-onset breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;119:193-200.

  25. Copson E, Eccles B, Maishman T, et al. Prospective observational study of breast cancer treatment outcomes for UK women aged 18-40 years at diagnosis: The POSH Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105:978-88.

  26. Sotiriou C, Pusztai L. Gene-expression signatures in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:790-800.

  27. Goldhirsch A, Winer EP, Coates AS, et al. Personalizing the treatment of women with early breast cancer: highlights of the St Gallen International Expert Consensus on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer 2013. Ann Oncol. 2013;24:2206-23.

  28. Koboldt DC, Fulton RS, McLellan MD, et al. Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature. 2012;490:61-70.

  29. Azim HA, Michiels S, Bedard PL, et al. Elucidating prognosis and biology of breast cancer arising in young women using gene expression profiling. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18:1341-51.

  30. Sabiani L, Houvenaeghel G, Heinemann M, et al. breast cancer in young women: Pathologic features and molecular phenotype. Breast. 2016;29:109-16.

  31. Azim HA, Partridge AH. Biology of breast cancer in young women. Breast Cancer Res. 2014;16:427.

  32. Rudra S, Yu DS, Yu ES, Switchenko JM, Mister D, Torres MA. Locoregional and distant recurrence patterns in young versus elderly women treated for breast cancer. Int J Breast Cancer. 2015;2015:213123.

  33. Seneviratne S, Lawrenson R, Harvey V, et al. Stage of breast cancer at diagnosis in New Zealand: impacts of socio-demographic factors, breast cancer screening and biology. BMC Cancer. 2016;16:129.

  34. Paluch-Shimon S, Wolf I, Sadetzki S, et al. Association between very young age and adverse characteristics of breast cancer at presentation amongst Israeli women. Am J Clin Oncol. 2011;34:219-22.

  35. Johnson RH, Chien FL, Bleyer A, et al. Incidence of breast cancer with distant involvement among women in the United States, 1976 to 2009. JAMA. 2013;309:800.

  36. Hung M-H, Liu C-Y, Shiau C-Y, et al. Effect of age and biological subtype on the risk and timing of brain metastasis in breast cancer patients. PLoS One. 2014;9:e89389.

  37. Kennecke H, Yerushalmi R, Woods R, et al. Metastatic behavior of breast cancer subtypes. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3271-7.

  38. Ernst MF, van de Poll-Franse LV, Roukema JA, et al. Trends in the prognosis of patients with primary metastatic breast cancer diagnosed between 1975 and 2002. Breast. 2007;16:344-51.

  39. van de Vijver MJ, He YD, van ’t Veer LJ, et al. A gene-expression signature as a predictor of survival in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1999-2009.

  40. Paik S, Shak S, Tang G, et al. A multigene assay to predict recurrence of tamoxifen-treated, node-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2817-26.

  41. Anders CK, Acharya CR, Hsu DS, et al. Age-Specific Differences in Oncogenic Pathway Deregulation Seen in Human Breast Tumors. Wu X, editor. PLoS One. 2008;3:e1373.

  42. Young S, Pilarski RT, Donenberg T, et al. The prevalence of BRCA1 mutations among young women with triple-negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 2009;9:86.

  43. Criscitiello C, Azim HA, Schouten PC, Linn SC, Sotiriou C. Understanding the biology of triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(Suppl 6):vi13-18.

  44. Azim H, Nguyen B, Brohee S, Zoppoli G, Sotiriou C. Genomic aberrations in young and elderly breast cancer patients. BMC Med. 2015;13:266.

  45. Liu Z, Merkurjev D, Yang F, Li W, Oh S, Friedman MJ. Enhancer activation requires trans-recruitment of a mega transcription factor complex. Cell. 2014;159:358-73.

  46. Chou J, Provot S, Werb Z. GATA3 in development and cancer differentiation: Cells GATA have it! J Cell Physiol. 2010;222:42-9.

  47. Adomas AB, Grimm SA, Malone C, Takaku M, Sims JK, Wade PA. Breast tumor specific mutation in GATA3 affects physiological mechanisms regulating transcription factor turnover. BMC Cancer. 2014;14:278.

  48. Anders CK, Johnson R, Litton J. BC before age 40 years. Semin Oncol. 2009;36:237-49.

  49. Partridge AH, Hughes ME, Warner ET, Ottesen RA, Wong YN, Edge SB. Subtype-dependent relationship between young age at diagnosis and breast cancer survival. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:3308-14.

  50. Clarke M, Coates AS, Darby SC. Adjuvant chemotherapy in oestrogen-receptor-poor breast cancer: patient-level metaanalysis of randomized trials. Lancet. 2008;371:29-40.

  51. Huober J, von Minckwitz G, Denkert C. Effect of neoadjuvant anthracycline-taxane-based chemotherapy in different biological BC phenotypes: overall results from the GeparTrio study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;124:133-40.

  52. Partridge AH, Gelber S, Piccart-Gebhart MJ, et al. Effect of age on breast cancer outcomes in women with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer: results from a herceptin adjuvant trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:2692-8.

  53. Paluch-Shimon S, Pagani O, Partridge AH, et al. Second international consensus guidelines for breast cancer in young women (BCY2). Breast. 2016;26:87-99.

  54. Vila J, Gandini S, Gentilini O. Overall survival according to type of surgery in young (≤40 years) early breast cancer patients: A systematic meta-analysis comparing breast-conserving surgery versus mastectomy. Breast. 2015;24:175-81.

  55. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Mariani L, et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized study comparing breast-conserving surgery with radical mastectomy for early breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1227-32.

  56. Kroman N, Holtveg H, Wohlfahrt J, et al. Effect of breast-conserving therapy versus radical mastectomy on prognosis for young women with breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;100:688-93.

  57. de Bock GH, van der Hage JA, Putter H, Bonnema J, Bartelink H, van de Velde CJ. Isolated loco-regional recurrence of breast cancer is more common in young patients and following breast conserving therapy: Long-term results of European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer studies. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:351-6.

  58. Botteri E, Bagnardi V, Rotmensz N, et al. Analysis of local and regional recurrences in breast cancer after conservative surgery. Ann Oncol. 2010;21:723-8.

  59. Komoike Y, Akiyama F, Iino Y, et al. Ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) after breast-conserving treatment for early breast cancer. Cancer. 2006;106:35-41.

  60. van der Sangen MJ, van de Wiel FM, Poortmans PM, et al. Are breast conservation and mastectomy equally effective in the treatment of young women with early breast cancer? Long-term results of a population-based cohort of 1,451 patients aged ≤40 years. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011;127:207-15.

  61. Aalders KC, Postma EL, Strobbe LJ, et al. Contemporary locoregional recurrence rates in young patients with early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:2107-14.

  62. Bartelink H, Horiot J-C, Poortmans PM, et al. Impact of a higher radiation dose on local control and survival in breast-conserving therapy of early breast Cancer: 10-year results of the randomized boost versus no boost EORTC 22881-10882 Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(22):3259-65.

  63. Plichta JK, Rai U, Tang R, et al. Factors associated with recurrence rates and long-term survival in women diagnosed with breast cancer ages 40 and younger. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23:3212-20.

  64. Gradishar WJ, Robert CH, Anderson BO, et al. NCCN Guidelines Version 2.2016 Breast Cancer Panel Members NCCN Evidence Blocks TM. 2016. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_ gls/pdf/breast_blocks.pdf

  65. Hieken TJ, Boolbol SK, Dietz JR. Nipple-sparing mastectomy: Indications, contraindications, risks, benefits, and techniques. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23:3138-44.

  66. Toesca A, Peradze N, Manconi A, et al. Robotic nipple-sparing mastectomy for the treatment of breast cancer: Feasibility and safety study. Breast. 2017;31:51-6.

  67. Darby S, McGale P, Correa C, et al. Effect of radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery on 10-year recurrence and 15-year Breast Cancer death: meta-analysis of individual patient data for 10,801 women in 17 randomised trials. Lancet. 2011;378:1707-16.

  68. EBCTCG (Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group), McGale P, Taylor C, Correa C, et al. Effect of radiotherapy after mastectomy and axillary surgery on 10-year recurrence and 20-year Breast Cancer mortality: meta-analysis of individual patient data for 8135 women in 22 randomised trials. Lancet. 2014;383:2127-35.

  69. van Laar C, van der Sangen MJ, Poortmans PM, et al. Local recurrence following breast-conserving treatment in women aged 40 years or younger: trends in risk and the impact on prognosis in a population-based cohort of 1143 patients. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49:3093-101.

  70. Bosma SCJ, van der Leij F, van Werkhoven E, et al. Very low local recurrence rates after breast-conserving therapy: analysis of 8485 patients treated over a 28-year period. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016;156:391-400.

  71. Recht A, Comen EA, Fine RE, et al. Postmastectomy Radiotherapy: An American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society for Radiation Oncology, and Society of Surgical Oncology Focused Guideline Update. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2016;6:e219-34.

  72. Bartelink H. The changing landscape in radiotherapy for breast cancer: Lessons from long term follow-up in some European breast cancer trials. Radiother Oncol. 2016;121:348-56.

  73. Whelan TJ, Olivotto IA, Parulekar WR, et al. Regional nodal irradiation in early-stage breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:307-16.

  74. Poortmans PM, Collette S, Kirkove C, et al. Internal mammary and medial supraclavicular irradiation in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:317-27.

  75. Budach W, Bölke E, Kammers K, Gerber PA, Nestle-Krämling C, Matuschek C. Adjuvant radiation therapy of regional lymph nodes in breast cancer - a meta-analysis of randomized trialsan update. Radiat Oncol. 2015;10:258.

  76. Clarke M, Collins R, Darby S, et al. Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet. 2005;366:2087-106.

  77. Brackstone M, Fletcher GG, Dayes IS, et al. Locoregional therapy of locally advanced breast cancer: a clinical practice guideline. Curr Oncol. 2015;22(Suppl 1):S54-66.

  78. Poortmans PM, Whelan TJ. Locoregional treatment in early stage breast cancer: More evidence and yet more questions? J Clin Oncol. 2015;27:689-91.

  79. Poortmans P. Postmastectomy radiation in breast cancer with one to three involved lymph nodes: ending the debate. Lancet. 2014;383:2104-6.

  80. Kunkler IH, Canney P, van Tienhoven G, Russell NS, MRC/EORTC (BIG 2-04) SUPREMO Trial Management Group. Elucidating the role of chest wall irradiation in “intermediate-risk” breast cancer: the MRC/EORTC SUPREMO trial. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2008;20:31-4.

  81. Thorsen LB, Offersen BV, Danř H, et al. DBCG-IMN: A populationbased cohort study on the effect of internal mammary node irradiation in early node-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:314-20.

  82. Senkus E, Kyriakides S, Ohno S, et al. Primary breast cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(Suppl 5):v8-30.

  83. Yildirim E, Berberoglu U. Local recurrence in breast carcinoma patients with T1-2 and 1-3 positive nodes: Indications for radiotherapy. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007;33:28-32.

  84. Su Y-L, Li S-H, Chen Y-Y, et al. Post-mastectomy radiotherapy benefits subgroups of breast cancer patients with T1-2 tumor and 1-3 axillary lymph node(s) metastasis. Radiol Oncol. 2014;48:314-22.

  85. Ashworth A, Kong W, Whelan T, Mackillop WJ. A populationbased study of the fractionation of postlumpectomy breast radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2013;86:51-7.

  86. Nguyen K, Mackenzie P, Allen A, et al. Breast interest group faculty of radiation oncology: Australian and New Zealand patterns of practice survey on breast radiotherapy. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2016. [Epub ahead of print].

  87. Haviland JS, Owen JR, Dewar JA, et al. The UK Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy (START) trials of radiotherapy hypofractionation for treatment of early breast cancer: 10-year followup results of two randomised controlled trials. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:1086-94.

  88. Bekelman JE, Sylwestrzak G, Barron J, et al. Uptake and costs of hypofractionated vs conventional whole breast irradiation after breast conserving surgery in the United States, 2008-2013. JAMA. 2014;312:2542.

  89. Whelan TJ, Pignol J-P, Levine MN, et al. Long-term results of hypofractionated radiation therapy for breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:513-20.

  90. Owen JR, Ashton A, Bliss JM, et al. Effect of radiotherapy fraction size on tumour control in patients with early-stage breast cancer after local tumour excision: long-term results of a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7:467-71.

  91. Caudrelier J-M, Truong PT. Role of hypofractionated radiotherapy in breast locoregional radiation. Cancer/Radiothérapie. 2015;19:241-7.

  92. DBCG; Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group. The SKAGEN Trial 1 Moderately hypofractionated loco-regional adjuvant radiation therapy of early breast cancer combined with a simultaneous integrated boost in patients with an indication for boost: DBCG HYPO II, a randomised clinically controlled trial. 2015. p. 1-33. Available from: www.dbcg.dk/

  93. Ain Shams University. Conventional Versus Hypofractionated Radiotherapy in Node Positive Breast Cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02690636.

  94. Koulis TA, Phan T, Olivotto IA. Hypofractionated whole breast radiotherapy: current perspectives. Breast Cancer. 2015;7:363-70.

  95. Barry M, Kell MR. Radiotherapy and breast reconstruction: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011;127:15-22.

  96. Khan AJ, Rafique R, Zafar W, et al. Nation-scale adoption of shorter breast radiation therapy schedules can increase survival in resource constrained economies: Results from a Markov chain analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2017;97:287-95.

  97. Bartelink H, Maingon P, Poortmans P, et al. Whole-breast irradiation with or without a boost for patients treated with breastconserving surgery for early breast cancer: 20-year follow-up of a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:47-56.

  98. Moran MS, Schnitt SJ, Giuliano AE, et al. Society of Surgical Oncology-American Society for Radiation Oncology consensus guideline on margins for breast-conserving surgery with wholebreast irradiation in stages I and II invasive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:1507-15.

  99. Houssami N, Macaskill P, Luke Marinovich M, Morrow M. The Association of Surgical Margins and Local Recurrence in Women with Early-Stage Invasive breast cancer Treated with Breast-Conserving Therapy: A Meta-Analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21:717-30.

  100. Brouwers PJ, van Werkhoven E, Bartelink H, et al. Factors associated with patient-reported cosmetic outcome in the Young Boost Breast Trial. Radiother Oncol. 2016;120:107-13.

  101. Tramm T, Mohammed H, Myhre S, et al. Development and validation of a gene profile predicting benefit of postmastectomy radiotherapy in patients with high-risk breast cancer: a study of gene expression in the DBCG82bc cohort. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20:5272-80.

  102. Cheng SH, Horng C-F, Huang T-T, et al. An eighteen-gene classifier predicts locoregional recurrence in post-mastectomy breast cancer Patients. EBioMedicine. 2016;5:74-81.

  103. Torres-Roca JF, Fulp WJ, Caudell JJ, et al. Integration of a radiosensitivity molecular signature into the assessment of local recurrence risk in breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015;93:631-8.

  104. Vicini F, Shah C, Tendulkar R, et al. Accelerated partial breast irradiation: An update on published Level I evidence. Brachytherapy. 2016;15:607-15.

  105. NSABP B-39, RTOG 0413: A Randomized Phase III Study of conventional whole breast irradiation versus partial breast irradiation for women with stage 0, I, or II breast cancer. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2006;4:719-21.

  106. Offersen BV, Boersma LJ, Kirkove C, et al. ESTRO consensus guideline on target volume delineation for elective radiation therapy of early stage breast cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2015;114:3-10.

  107. Feng M, Moran JM, Koelling T, et al. Development and validation of a heart atlas to study cardiac exposure to radiation following treatment for breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;79:10-18.

  108. Smyth LM, Knight KA, Aarons YK, Wasiak J. The cardiac dosesparing benefits of deep inspiration breath-hold in left breast irradiation: a systematic review. J Med Radiat Sci. 2015;62:66-73.

  109. Taylor CW, Kirby a M. Cardiac side-effects from breast cancer radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2015;27:621-9.

  110. Latty D, Stuart KE, Wang W, Ahern V. Review of deep inspiration breath-hold techniques for the treatment of breast cancer. J Med Radiat Sci. 2015;62:74-81.

  111. Bartlett FR, Colgan RM, Donovan EM, et al. Voluntary breath-hold technique for reducing heart dose in left breast radiotherapy. J Vis Exp. 2014;89.

  112. Conway JL, Conroy L, Harper L, et al. Deep inspiration breath-hold produces a clinically meaningful reduction in ipsilateral lung dose during locoregional radiation therapy for some women with rightsided breast cancer. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2016. [Epub ahead of print].

  113. Stovall M, Smith SA, Langholz BM, et al. Dose to the contralateral breast from radiotherapy and risk of second primary breast cancer in the WECARE Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;72:1021-30.

  114. Grantzau T, Overgaard J. Risk of second non- breast cancer after radiotherapy for breast cancer: A systematic review and metaanalysis of 762,468 patients. Radiother Oncol. 2015;114:56-65.

  115. Hallam S, Govindarajulu S, Huckett B, Bahl A. BRCA1/2 mutation- associated breast cancer, wide local excision and radiotherapy or unilateral mastectomy: A systematic review. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2015;27:527-35.

  116. Bernstein JL, Thomas DC, Shore RE, et al. Contralateral breast cancer after radiotherapy among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: A WECARE Study Report. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49:2979-85.

  117. Heymann S, Delaloge S, Rahal A, et al. Radio-induced malignancies after breast cancer post-operative radiotherapy in patients with Li- Fraumeni syndrome. Radiat Oncol. 2010;5:104.

  118. Freedman RA, Partridge AH. Management of breast cancer in very young women. Breast. 2013;22:S176-9.

  119. Wolmark N, Wang J, Mamounas E, Project B. Preoperative chemotherapy in patients with operable breast cancer: nine-year results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-18. Cancer Inst Monogr. 2001;30:96-102.

  120. Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (EBCTCG), Peto R, Davies C, et al. Comparisons between different polychemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer: meta-analyses of long-term outcome among 100,000 women in 123 randomised trials. Lancet. 2012;379:432-44.

  121. Lambertini M, Ceppi M, Cognetti F, et al. Dose-dense adjuvant chemotherapy in premenopausal breast cancer patients: A pooled analysis of the MIG1 and GIM2 phase III studies. Eur J Cancer. 2017;71:34-42.

  122. Amir E, Ocana A, Freedman O, Clemons M, Seruga B. Chemotherapy: dose-dense treatment for triple-negative breast cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2010;7:79-80.

  123. Anders CK, Zagar TM, Carey LA. The management of earlystage and metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: a review. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2013;27:737-49.

  124. Sikov WM, Berry DA, Perou CM, et al. Impact of the addition of carboplatin and/or bevacizumab to neoadjuvant once-per-week paclitaxel followed by dose-dense doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide on pathologic complete response rates in stage II to III triple-negative breast cancer. CALGB 40603 (Alliance). J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:13-21.

  125. von Minckwitz G, Schneeweiss A, Loibl S, et al. Neoadjuvant carboplatin in patients with triple-negative and HER2-positive early breast cancer (GeparSixto; GBG 66): a randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:747-56.

  126. Christinat A, Di Lascio S, Pagani O. Hormonal therapies in young breast cancer patients: when, what and for how long? J Thorac Dis. 2013;5(Suppl 1):S36-46.

  127. Iwata H, Masuda N, Sagara Y, et al. Analysis of Ki-67 expression with neoadjuvant anastrozole or tamoxifen in patients receiving goserelin for premenopausal breast cancer. Cancer. 2013;119: 704-13.

  128. Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (EBCTCG), Davies C, Godwin J, et al. Relevance of breast cancer hormone receptors and other factors to the efficacy of adjuvant tamoxifen: patientlevel meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2011;378:771-84.

  129. Francis PA, Regan MM, Fleming GF. Adjuvant ovarian suppression in premenopausal breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1672-3.

  130. Davies C, Pan H, Godwin J, et al. Long-term effects of continuing adjuvant tamoxifen to 10 years versus stopping at 5 years after diagnosis of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: ATLAS, a randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;381:805-16.

  131. Azim HA, Saadeldeen A. Commentary on “aTTom”: long-term effects of continuing adjuvant Tamoxifen to 10 years. Chin Clin Oncol. 2014;3:7.

  132. Goss PE, Ingle JN, Martino S, et al. Randomized trial of letrozole following tamoxifen as extended adjuvant therapy in receptorpositive breast cancer: updated findings from NCIC CTG MA.17. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:1262-71.

  133. Gnant M, Mlineritsch B, Stoeger H, et al. Zoledronic acid combined with adjuvant endocrine therapy of tamoxifen versus anastrozol plus ovarian function suppression in premenopausal early breast cancer: final analysis of the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group Trial 12. Ann Oncol. 2015;26:313-20.

  134. Goel S, Sharma R, Hamilton A, Beith J. LHRH agonists for adjuvant therapy of early breast cancer in premenopausal women. Goel S, editor. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;4:CD004562.

  135. LHRH-agonists in Early Breast Cancer Overview group, Cuzick J, Ambroisine L, et al. Use of luteinising-hormone-releasing hormone agonists as adjuvant treatment in premenopausal patients with hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised adjuvant trials. Lancet. 2007;369:1711-23.

  136. Bellet M, Gray KP, Francis PA, et al. Estrogen levels in premenopausal patients with hormone-receptor positive (HR+) early breast cancer (BC) receiving adjuvant triptorelin plus exemestane or tamoxifen in the SOFT trial: SOFT-EST substudy. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32. [Abstract 585].

  137. Dowsett M, Folkerd E, Res BC. Deficits in plasma oestradiol measurement in studies and management of breast cancer. Breast Cancer. 2005;7:1-4.

  138. Ben-Aharon I, Vidal L, Rizel S, et al. Bisphosphonates in the adjuvant setting of breast cancer therapy: effect on survival – a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30. [Abstract 548].

  139. Cardoso F, Costa A, Senkus E, et al. 3rd ESO–ESMO international consensus guidelines for Advanced Breast Cancer (ABC 3). Breast. 2017;31:244-59.

  140. Tutt A, Ellis P, Kilbum L. TNT: a randomized phase III trial of carboplatin compared to docetaxel for patients with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced triple-negative or BRCA1/2 breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2015;75:S3-1.

  141. Finn RS, Crown JP, Lang I, et al. The cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in combination with letrozole versus letrozole alone as first-line treatment of oestrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer (PALOMA-1/TRIO- 18): a randomised phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:25-35.

  142. Livraghi L, Garber JE. PARP inhibitors in the management of breast cancer: current data and future prospects. BMC Med. 2015;13:188.

  143. Kaufman B, Shapira-Frommer R, Schmutzler RK, et al. Olaparib monotherapy in patients with advanced cancer and a germline BRCA1/2 mutation. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:244-50.

  144. Bantema-Joppe EJ, de Bock GH, Woltman-van Iersel M, et al. The impact of age on changes in quality of life among breast cancer survivors treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy. Br J Cancer. 2015;112:636-43.

  145. Ali A, Fergus K, Wright FC, Pritchard KI, Kiss A, Warner E. The impact of a breast cancer diagnosis in young women on their relationship with their mothers. Breast. 2014;23:50-5.

  146. Arčs I, Lebel S, Bielajew C. The impact of motherhood on perceived stress, illness intrusiveness and fear of cancer recurrence in young breast cancer survivors over time. Psychol Health. 2014;29:651-70.

  147. Grabiak BR, Bender CM, Puskar KR. The impact of parental cancer on the adolescent: an analysis of the literature. Psychooncology. 2007;16:127-37.

  148. Paalman CH, van Leeuwen FE, Aaronson NK, et al. Employment and social benefits up to 10 years after breast cancer diagnosis: a population-based study. Br J Cancer. 2016;114:81-7.

  149. Ekwueme DU, Trogdon JG, Khavjou OA, Guy GP. Productivity costs associated with breast cancer among survivors aged 18- 44 years. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50:286-94.

  150. Easley J, Miedema B. Rehabilitation after breast cancer: Recommendations from young survivors. Rehabil Nurs. 2012;37:163-70.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com