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Academia Mexicana de Neurología, A.C.

2017, Número 4

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Rev Mex Neuroci 2017; 18 (4)


Aspectos celulares y consideraciones del estudio de la excitabilidad por ca2+ en astrocitos

Montes BP

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 88
Paginas: 57-69
Archivo PDF: 277.11 Kb.


RESUMEN

Introducción: Por más de un siglo la función del Sistema Nervioso (SN) se estudió desde una perspectiva neurocéntrica, considerando la actividad eléctrica de las neuronas, la función de sus circuitos y sus cambios celulares como el sustrato único del flujo y manejo de la información. En esta perspectiva los astrocitos (As), las células más abundantes del SN, tenían asignados papeles conectivo, homeostático y metabólico que permitían el funcionamiento de las neuronas. No obstante, hoy sabemos que las células astrogliales participan activamente en el flujo y manejo de la información, gracias a su expresión de receptores a neurotransmisores, la secreción de neurotransmisores, su excitabilidad por Ca2+, la formación de redes y su estrecha relación con la sinapsis. Estas características en conjunto permitieron que hace más de quince años se propusiera la hipótesis de la sinapsis tripartita. Objetivo: En el presente trabajo se revisan el mecanismo de excitabilidad por Ca2+ de los As, sus actores moleculares, los organelos involucrados y las propiedades de las ondas de Ca2+. Adicionalmente, se recapitulan algunas consideraciones principalmente metodológicas en función de las lecciones aprendidas del estudio de estas células en las últimas décadas. Conclusiones: La participación de la astroglía en el manejo de la información en el cerebro representa sin lugar a dudas un avance paradigmático para la comprensión del SN, cuyas aparentes contradicciones lentamente se van solventando. El estudio de su excitabilidad por Ca2+ ha generado una reevaluación de sus funciones, lo que conlleva gradualmente a una visón más integral del SN.


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