medigraphic.com
ISSN 1810-2352 (Print)

2020, Number 2

<< Back Next >>

Rev Cub Med Int Emerg 2020; 19 (2)

SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Miranda PR

Language: Spanish
References: 40
Page: 1-24
PDF size: 298.25 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Introduction: Coronaviruses are rounded and pleomorphic virions. The shell has two S and M viral glycoprotein structures.
Objective: To describe the essential theoretical bases on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Method: A bibliographic review was carried out in Bibliomed databases, in the Ministry of Health of the government of Spain, the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, and in reports from the World Health Organization, from January to February 2020. The review focused on the concept, characteristics, exposed and vulnerable population, symptoms, prevention, control and treatment measures for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The keywords were used for this review were coronavirus, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis. The languages consulted were Spanish and English. Sixty articles published from 2017 to 2020 were selected.
Results: A monograph on SARS-CoV-2 infection was prepared, with the following nuclei of knowledge: concept, characteristics, exposed and vulnerable population, symptoms, prevention, control and treatment measures.
Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 is a new type of coronavirus that produces COVID-19 disease. It has an incubation period of 2 to 14 days. All persons are vulnerable to contracting the disease. It is more frequent in young adults and there is a high mortality in the elderly. It is diagnosed through sampling of nasopharyngeal exudate and the polymerase chain reaction. Its clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic to multi-organ dysfunction. There is no effective treatment, except for isolation and sanitary hygiene measures.


REFERENCES

  1. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Noticias ONU. Los 13 desafíos de la salud mundial en esta década. Ginebra: OMS; 13 enero 2020 [citado: 31/01/2020]. Disponible en: https://news.un.org/es/search/Los%2013%20desaf%C3%ADos%20de%20la%20salud%20

  2. Word Health Organization. Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). 30 January 2020 [citado: 28/01/2020]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)

  3. World Health Organization. Water, sanitation, hygiene and waste management for COVID-19. March 2020 [citado: 06/03/2020]. Disponible en: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331305/WHO-2019-NcOV-IPC_WASH-2020.1-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed

  4. Al-Omari A, Rabaan AA, Salih S, Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA. Brote de coronavirus MERS: implicaciones para las infecciones virales emergentes. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019 [citado: 28/01/2020];93(3). Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732889318305029?via%3

  5. Chafekar A, Fielding BC. MERS-CoV: Comprendiendo la última amenaza del coronavirus humano. Viruses. 2018 [citado: 28/01/2020];10(2). Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5850400/

  6. Riou J, Althaus CL. Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020 [citado: 06/02/2020];25(4):pii=2000058. Disponible en: https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.4.2000058

  7. Friedman N, Alter H, Hindiyeh M, Mendelson E, Shemer Avni Y, Mandelboim M. Infecciones por coronavirus humano en Israel: epidemiología, síntomas clínicos y estacionalidad de verano de HCoV-HKU1. Viruses. 2018 [citado: 28/01/2020];10(10). Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213580/

  8. Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, Tian F, Jin D-Y, Chen L, et al. Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020 [citado: 06/03/2020];323(14):1406-7. Disponible en: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762028

  9. Hui DS, Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, et al. La continua amenaza epidémica 2019-nCoV de nuevos coronavirus para la salud mundial: el último brote de nuevos coronavirus de 2019 en Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 [citado: 28/01/2020];91. Disponible en: https://www.clinicalkey.es/#!/content/journal/1-s2.0-S1201971220300114

  10. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. The Lancet. 2020 [citado: 13/02/2020];395(10226):809-15. Disponible en: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30360- 3/abstract

  11. Cabrera Gaytán DA, Vargas Valerio A, Grajales Muñiz C. Infección del nuevo coronavirus: nuevos retos, nuevos legados. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2020 [citado 24/03/2020];52(4):438-41. Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=457745483018

  12. Liu SL, Saif L. Virus emergentes sin fronteras: el coronavirus de Wuhan. Viruses. 2020 [citado: 28/01/2020];12(2). Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/2/130

  13. Mobaraki K, Ahmadzadeh J. Estado epidemiológico actual del coronavirus causante del síndrome respiratorio de Oriente Medio en el mundo del 1.1.2017 al 17.1.2018: un estudio transversal. BMC Infect Dis. 2019 [citado: 24/01/2020];19(1). Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6487021/pdf/12879_2019_

  14. Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. Infecciones por coronavirus-algo más que el resfriado común. JAMA. 2020 [citado: 28/01/2020];323(8):707-8. Disponible en: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2759815

  15. Lee MK, Choi J, Park B, Kim B, Lee SJ, Kim SH, et al. High flow nasal cannulae oxygen therapy in acute-moderate hypercapnic respiratory failure. Clin Respir J. 2018;12(6):2046-56.

  16. Yin Y, Wunderink RG. MERS, SARS y otros coronavirus como causas de neumonía. Respirology. 2018 [citado: 28/01/2020];23(2):130-7. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/resp.13196

  17. Zhang N, Wang L, Deng X, Liang R, Su M, He C, et al. Avances recientes en la detección de infección por virus respiratorios en humanos. J Med Virol. 2020 [citado: 28/01/2020];92:408-1. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmv.25674

  18. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020 [citado: 28/01/2020];382:727-33. Disponible en: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017

  19. Arabi YM, Alothman A, Balkhy HH, Al-Dawood A, AlJohani S, Al Harbi S, et al. Tratamiento del síndrome respiratorio de Oriente Medio con una combinación de lopinavir-ritonavir e interferón-β1b (ensayo MIRACLE): protocolo de estudio para un ensayo controlado aleatorio. Trials. 2018 [citado: 28/01/2020];19(1):81. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5791210/

  20. Arabi YM, Deeb AM, Al-Hameed F, Mandourah Y, Almekhlafi GA, Sindi AA, et al. Macrólidos en pacientes críticos con síndrome respiratorio de Oriente Medio. Int J Infect Dis. 2019 [citado: 28/01/2020];81:184-90. Disponible en: https://www.clinicalkey.es/#!/content/journal/1-s2.0-S1201971219300529

  21. Behzadi MA, Leyva-Grado VH. Descripción general de la terapéutica actual y los nuevos candidatos contra la influenza, el virus sincitial respiratorio y las infecciones por coronavirus del síndrome respiratorio del Oriente Medio. Front Microbiol. 2019 [citado: 28/01/2020];10. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6594388/pdf/fmicb-10-01327

  22. Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol. 2020 [citado: 28/01/2020];92:418-23. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmv.25681

  23. Dyall J, Gross R, Kindrachuk J, Johnson RF, Olinger GG Jr, Hensley LE, et al. Síndrome Respiratorio de Oriente Medio y Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo: opciones terapéuticas actuales y dianas potenciales para nuevas terapias. Drugs. 2017 [citado: 28/01/2020];77(18). Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5733787/pdf/nihms921442

  24. Habib AMG, Ali MAE, Zouaoui BR, Taha MAH, Mohammed BS, Saquib N. Resultados clínicos en pacientes hospitalizados con infección por el coronavirus del síndrome respiratorio del Medio Oriente (MERS-CoV)]. BMC Infect Dis. 2019 [citado: 24/01/2020];19(1). Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6805532/pdf/12879_2019_Article_45 55

  25. Momattin H, Al Ali AY, Al Tawfiq JA. A Systematic Review of therapeutic agents for the treatment of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Travel Med Infect Dis. 2019 [citado: 28/01/2020];30:9-18. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893919301097

  26. Mubarak A, Alturaiki W, Hemida MG. Coronavirus del síndrome respiratorio de Oriente Medio (MERS-CoV): infección, respuesta inmunológica y desarrollo de vacunas. J Immunol Res. 2019 [citado: 24/01/2020];2019. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6476043/pdf/JIR2019- 6491738

  27. Mustafa S, Balkhy H, Gabere MN. Current treatment options and the role of peptides as potential therapeutic components for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS): A review. J Infect Public Health. 2018 [citado: 28/01/2020];11(1):9-17. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876034117302125

  28. Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Leist SR, Schäfer A, Won J, Brown AJ, et al. Eficacia terapéutica comparativa de remdesivir y combinación de lopinavir, ritonavir e interferón beta contra MERS-CoV. Nat Commun 11. 2020 [citado: 28/01/2020];222(2020). Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13940-6

  29. World Health Organization. Global Surveillance for human infection with novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). 31 January 2020 [citado: 28/02/2020]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/global-surveillance-for-human-infection-with-novel- coronavirus-(2019-ncov)

  30. Davis AL, Carcillo JA, Aneja RK, Deymann AJ, Lin JC, Nguyen TC, et al. American College of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Parameters for Hemodynamic Support of Pediatric and Neonatal Septic Shock. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(6):1061-93.

  31. Zhi Min C, Jun Fen F, Qiang S, Ying Hu C, Chun Zhen H, Fu Bang L, et al. Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus. World Journal of Pediatrics. 2020 [citado: 06/03/2020]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00345-5

  32. Weiss SL, Peters MJ, Alhazzani W, Agus MSD, Flori HR, Inwald DP, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign International Guidelines for the Management of Septic Shock and Sepsis-Associated Organ Dysfunction in Children. Crit Care Med. 2020 Feb;21(2):52-106.

  33. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016 [citado: 23/02/2020);315(8):801-10. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26903338

  34. Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43:304-77.

  35. Mulangu S, Dodd LE, Davey RTJ, Tshiani Mbaya O, Proschan M, Mukadi D, et al. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Ebola Virus Disease Therapeutics. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:2293-303.

  36. Fan E, Del Sorbo L, Goligher EC. An Official American Thoracic Society/European Society of Intensive Care Medicine/Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline: Mechanical Ventilation in Adult Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:1253-63.

  37. Schmidt GA, Girard TD, Kress JP, Morris PE, Ouellette DR, Alhazzani W, et al. Official Executive Summary of an American Thoracic Society/American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline: Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(1):115-9.

  38. Writing Group for the Alveolar Recruitment for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Trial Investigators, Cavalcanti AB, Suzumura ÉA, Laranjeira LN, Paisani DM, Damiani LP, et al. Effect of Lung Recruitment and Titrated Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) vs Low PEEP on Mortality in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017;318(14):1335-45.

  39. Pérez Abreu MR, Gómez Tejeda JJ, Diéguez Guach RA. Características clínico-epidemiológicas de la COVID-19. Rev haban cienc med. 2020 [citado: 20/04/2020];19(2):e_3254. Disponible en: http://www.revhabanera.sld.cu/index.php/rhab/article/view/3254/2505

  40. World Health Organization. Prevención y control de infecciones durante la atención médica cuando se sospecha una nueva infección por coronavirus: Guía Provisional. [Internet]. Ginebra: WHO; 2020 [citado: 11/03/2020]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/infection-prevention-and-control-during-health-care-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected-20200125




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com