medigraphic.com

2022, Number 3

<< Back Next >>

Rev Fac Med UNAM 2022; 65 (3)

Health and Environment

Moreno SAR

Language: Spanish
References: 29
Page: 8-18
PDF size: 270.11 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Since the Industrial Revolution, human activities have caused various and significant effects on the planet widely investigated and reported. Human beings and the rest of living beings have a permanent interdependence with the environment, which has become more evident today. Damage to the quality of water, air and soil, coupled with the progressive deterioration and loss of ecosystems and the effects on flora and fauna, have led to changes that translate into dangers and risks of various kinds and importance for human health, either short term or long term. These environmental changes are accompanied and enhanced by social, economic, cultural and political factors, whose impacts on health are manifested at the local, regional and even global levels. This article describes the main environmental changes and their adverse effects on health, highlighting the importance of physicians considering them in their daily dealings with patients and their families, particularly when vulnerable populations have been identified. It concludes with the recommendation that the health sector show greater interest in the environment and health issue, adopting leadership to strengthen environmental public health programs with intersectoral and interdisciplinary approaches. Let’s hope that the health field and its environmental base constitute the comprehensive training of human resources and promote research that provides elements to define and implement successful public policies.


REFERENCES

  1. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación,la Ciencia y la Cultura (FR). Antropoceno: la problemáticavital de un debate científico. [Internet] 2018 [Consultada 2 de septiembre de 2021]. Disponible en: https://es.unesco.org/courier/2018-2/antropoceno-problematica-vital-debate-cientifico

  2. Corvalán C. Cambio climático, desastres y salud. [Internet]2014 [Consultada 26 de agosto de 2021]. Seminário:Eventos climáticos extremos, desastres e impactos sobrea saúde. O que dizem os sistemas de informação? OPS/OMS. FIOCRUZ, 7 maio p. 1. Disponible en: https://www.icict.fiocruz.br/sites/www.icict.fiocruz.br/files/Apresenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Carlos%20Corvalan.pdf

  3. Prüss-Ustün, A., Wolf, A., Corvalán, C., Bos, R., Neira,M. (CH). Preventing disease through healthy environmentsA global assessment of the burden of disease fromenvironmental risks. Geneva: World Health Organization;2016. 176 p.

  4. World Health Organization (CH). Environmental health.[Internet] 2021a [Consultada: 27 de noviembre de 2021].Disponible en: https://www.who.int/health-topics/environmental-health#tab=tab_1

  5. United Nations (US). World urbanization prospects. The2018 revision. New York: Department of Economic andSocial Affairs. 2019. 126 p.

  6. World Health Organization, United Nations DevelopmentProgramme, United Nations Environment Programme,United Nations Children´s Fund (US). Compendium ofWHO and other UN guidance on health and environment.Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. 194 p.

  7. World Health Organization (CH). The Public HealthImpacts of Chemicals: Knowns and Unknowns (Dataaddendum for 2016). Geneva: World Health Organization;2018b. 2 p.

  8. World Health Organization (CH). Air pollution and childhealth: prescribing clean air. Summary. Geneva: WorldHealth Organization; 2018a. 32 p.

  9. Simoni M, Baldacci S, Maio S, Cerrai S, Sarno G, ViegiG. Adverse effects of outdoor pollution in the elderly. JThorac Dis. 2015;7(1):34-45.

  10. Prüss A, Kay D, Fewtrell L, Bartram J. Estimating theburden of disease from water, sanitation, and hygiene at aglobal level. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110(5):537-42.

  11. Prüss-Ustün A, Wolf J, Bartram J, Clasen T, CummingO, Freeman MC, et al. Burden of disease from inadequatewater, sanitation and hygiene for selected adversehealth outcomes: An updated analysis with a focus on lowand middle-income countries. Int J Hyg Environ Health.2019;222(5):765-77.

  12. Ngure FM, Reid BM, Humphrey JH, Mbuya MN, PeltoG, Stoltzfus RJ. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH),environmental enteropathy, nutrition, and early childdevelopment: making the links. Ann N Y Acad Sci.2014;1308(1):118-28.

  13. Vethaak D, Legler J. Microplastics and human health.Knowledge gaps should be addressed to ascertain the healthrisks of microplastics. Science. 2021;371(6530):672-74.

  14. Chatterjee S, Sharma S. Microplastics in our oceans andmarine health. Field Actions Science Reports. 2019;19:54-61.

  15. Rahman A, Sarkar A, Prakash YO, Achari G, SlobodnikJ. Potential human health risks due to environmental exposureto nano- and microplastics and knowledge gaps: Ascoping review. Sci Total Environ. 2021;757:43872.

  16. Organización Mundial de la Salud, Programa de NacionesUnidas para el Desarrollo, Programa de Naciones Unidaspara el Medio Ambiente, Fondo de las Naciones Unidaspara la Infancia (US). Un compendio de 500 acciones dela OMS y los asociados de las Naciones Unidas tiene comoobjetivo reducir las enfermedades provocadas por factoresambientales y salvar vidas. [Internet] 2021b [Consultada 6de septiembre de 2021]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news/item/03-09-2021-who-and-un-partners-compendium-of-500-actions-aims-to-reduce-diseases-fromenvironmental-factors-and-save-lives

  17. American Chemistry Society. CAS Registry. [Internet]2020 [Consultada 21 de noviembre de 2021]. Disponibleen: https://www.cas.org/support/documentation/chemicalsubstances

  18. United Nations Environment Programme (KE). Globalchemicals outlook II – from legacies to innovative solutions.Implementing the 2030 Agenda for SustainableDevelopment. Nairobi: United Nations EnvironmentProgramme; 2019. 700 p.

  19. Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (US).Productos químicos y género. Grupo de Medio Ambientey Energía del PNUD. Nueva York: Programa de NacionesUnidas para el Desarrollo; 2011. 27 p.

  20. Food and Agriculture Organization, World Health Organization(IT). Eighty-Ninth Meeting. Joint FAO/WHOExpert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). [Internet]Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 [Consultada3 de abril de 2021]. 15 p. Disponible en: http://www.fao.org/food-safety/scientific-advice/jecfa/en/#

  21. International Agency for Research on Cancer (FR). Monographson the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks toHumans. Radiation. Volume 100D. Lyon: InternationalAgency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization;2009. 363 p.

  22. Lucas R, McMichael T, Smith W, Armstrong B. Solar ultravioletradiation: global burden of disease from solar ultravioletradiation. Environmental Burden of Disease Series2006. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. 258 p.

  23. Organización Mundial de la Salud (CH). Una Salud: Unenfoque integral para abordar las amenazas para la saluden la interfaz entre los seres humanos, los animales y elmedioambiente. [Internet] 168.a Sesión del Comité Ejecutivo.Sesión virtual, del 21 al 25 de junio de 2021. 2021.(Consultada 2 de octubre de 2021). 26 p.

  24. Moreno AR, Aparicio Effen M, Diaz J, González-GaudianoE, Ordóñez IJM, Tirado von der Pahlen MC. Saludhumana. En: Moreno JM, Laguna-Defior C, Barros V,Calvo Buendía C, Marengo JA, Oswald Spring U, editores.Adaptación frente a los riesgos del cambio climático enlos países RIOCC – Informe RIOCCADAPT. Madrid:McGraw Hill; 2020. p. 651-699.

  25. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (CH). Summaryfor policymakers. En: Stocker TF, Qin D, PlattnerGK, Tignor MM, Allen SK, editores. Climate Change2013: The Physical Science Basis (Contribution of WorkingGroup I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change). Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2013. p. 3-29.

  26. Sorensen C, Murray V, Lemery J, Balbus J. Climate changeand women’s health: Impacts and policy directions. PLoSMed. 2018;15(7):e1002603.

  27. Schütz G, Hacon S, Moreno AR, Nagatani K. PrincipalesMarcos Conceptuales para indicadores de salud ambientalaplicados en América Latina. Revista Panamericana deSalud Pública. 2008;24(4):276-85.

  28. Palmeiro-Silva YK, Ferrada MT, Ramírez FJ, Silva I, CruzS. Climate change and environmental health in undergraduatehealth degrees in Latin America. Rev Saude Publica.2021;55:17-24.

  29. World Health Organization (CH). WHO global strategyon health, environment and climate change. The transformationneeded to improve lives and wellbeing sustainablythrough healthy environments. Geneva: World HealthOrganization; 2020. p. 36.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com