medigraphic.com
ISSN 2539-0859 (Electronic)
ISSN 0120-8411 (Print)
Asociación Colombiana de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y cuello, Maxilofacial y Estética Facial (ACORL)

2022, Number 3

<< Back Next >>

Acta de Otorrinolaringología CCC 2022; 50 (3)

Clinical diagnosis and treatment of olfactory dysfunction related to COVID-19: A literature review

Bombón-Albán PE, Escobar-Ronquillo LG, Cisneros-Hinostroza CA

Language: Spanish
References: 42
Page: 212-219
PDF size: 193.11 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 is a pandemic disease that has caused more than six million deaths worldwide. The clinical picture of the infection can vary depending on the severity of the disease and usually includes general, ENT and neurological symptoms. Objective: To provide a narrative review of the scientific literature on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of olfactory dysfunction related to coronavirus disease 2019. Results: Olfactory dysfunction defined as the reduced or distorted ability to smell when inhaling (orthonasal smell) or when eating (postnasal smell), is often reported in mild or even asymptomatic cases. The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction can vary with respect to the clinical setting, with rates of total loss of smell as high as 70% in patients with mild coronavirus disease 2019. In addition, to date there is a paucity of articles prospectively evaluating recovery rates of olfactory dysfunction in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Conclusion: Coronavirus disease 2019 is associated with olfactory dysfunction in various patients. Active and collaborative research is required to delineate the natural history and appropriate management of olfactory dysfunction in this virulent disease. In the meantime, diagnosis and targeted treatments such as olfactory training may be helpful in olfactory dysfunction related to coronavirus disease 2019.


REFERENCES

  1. 1. Le Bon SD, Konopnicki D, Pisarski N, Prunier L, LechienJR, Horoi M. Efficacy and safety of oral corticosteroids andolfactory training in the management of COVID-19-relatedloss of smell. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;278(8):3113-17. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06520-8

  2. Boscolo-Rizzo P, Borsetto D, Fabbris C, Spinato G, FrezzaD, Menegaldo A, et al. Evolution of Altered Sense of Smellor Taste in Patients With Mildly Symptomatic COVID-19.JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;146(8):729-732.doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.1379

  3. Tan BKJ, Han R, Zhao JJ, Tan NKW, Quah ESH, Tan CJ, etal. Prognosis and persistence of smell and taste dysfunctionin patients with covid-19: meta-analysis with parametric curemodelling of recovery curves. BMJ. 2022;378:e069503. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-069503

  4. Le Bon SD, Pisarski N, Verbeke J, Prunier L, Cavelier G, ThillMP, et al. Psychophysical evaluation of chemosensory functions

  5. 5 weeks after olfactory loss due to COVID-19: a prospectivecohort study on 72 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol.2021;278(1):101-08. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06267-25. Vaira LA, Hopkins C, Petrocelli M, Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Salzano G, et al. Smell and taste recovery incoronavirus disease 2019 patients: a 60-day objective andprospective study. J Laryngol Otol. 2020;134(8):703-9. doi:10.1017/S0022215120001826

  6. Huart C, Philpott C, Konstantinidis I, Altundag A, WhitcroftKL, Trecca EMC, et al. Comparison of COVID-19 and commoncold chemosensory dysfunction. Rhinology. 2020;58(6):623-25. doi: 10.4193/Rhin20.251

  7. Suzuki M, Saito K, Min W-P, Vladau C, Toida K, Itoh H, etal. Identification of viruses in patients with postviral olfactorydysfunction. Laryngoscope, 2017;117(2):272-77. doi:10.1097/01.mlg.0000249922.37381.1e

  8. Hura N, Xie DX, Choby GW, Schlosser RJ, Orlov CP, SealSM, et al. Treatment of post-viral olfactory dysfunction: anevidence-based review with recommendations. Int ForumAllergy Rhinol. 2020;10(9):1065-86. doi: 10.1002/alr.22624

  9. Pinto JM, Wroblewski KE, Kern DW, Schumm LP, McClintockMK. Olfactory dysfunction predicts 5-year mortality in olderadults. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e107541. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107541

  10. Miwa T, Ikeda K, Ishibashi T, Motoo Y, Fujieda S, Kurono Y, etal. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of olfactorydysfunction: secondary publication. Auris Nasus Larynx.2019;46(5):653-62. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2019.04.002

  11. Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, et al.SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens ofinfected patients. N Engl J 2020;382(12):1177-79. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2001737

  12. Sungnak W, Huang N, Bécavin C, Berg M, Queen R,Litvinukova M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highlyexpressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immunegenes. Nat Med. 2020;26(5):681-7. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0868-6

  13. Hou Y, Okuda K, Edwards C, Martínez D, Asakura T, Dinnon K,et al. SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics reveals a variable infectiongradient in the respiratory tract. Cell. 2020;182(2):429-46. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.042

  14. Ziegler CG, Allon SJ, Nyquist SK, Mbano IM, Miao VN,Tzouanas CN, et al. SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 is aninterferon-stimulated gene in human airway epithelial cellsand is detected in specific cell subsets across tissues. Cell.2020;181(5):1016-1035. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.035

  15. Gallo O, Locatello LG, Mazzoni A, Novelli L, AnnunziatoF. The central role of the nasal microenvironment in thetransmission, modulation, and clinical progression of SARSCoV-2 infection. Mucosal Immunol. 2020;14(2):305-16. doi:10.1038/s41385-020-00359-2

  16. Sommerstein R, Fux CA, Vuichard-Gysin D, Abbas M,Marschall J, Balmelli C, et al. Risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmissionby aerosols, the rational use of masks, and protection ofhealthcare workers from COVID-19. Antimicrob Resist InfectControl. 2020;9:100. doi: 10.1186/s13756-020-00763-0

  17. WHO Scientific Brief: Transmission of SARS-CoV-2:implications for infection prevention precautions. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2020. [acceso 10 de abril de 2021].Disponible en: https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/transmission-of-sars-cov-2-implications-for-infectionprevention-precautions

  18. Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Hans S, Barillari MR,Jouffe L, Saussez S. Loss of Smell and Taste in 2013 EuropeanPatients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19. Ann. Intern. Med.2020;173(8):672-75. doi: 10.7326/M20-2428

  19. Boesveldt S, Postma EM, Boak D, Welge-Luessen A, SchopfV, Mainland, J, et al. Anosmia - A Clinical Review. ChemicalSenses. 2017;42(7):513-23. doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjx025

  20. Izquierdo-Domínguez A, Rojas-Lechuga MJ, Mullol J, AlobidI. Olfactory dysfunction during COVID-19 pandemic. MedClin (Barc). 2020;155(9):403-408. English, Spanish. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2020.06.006

  21. Menni C, Valdes AM, Freidin MB, Sudre CH, Nguyen LH,Drew DA, et al. Real-time tracking of self-reported symptomsto predict potential COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020;26(7):1037-40.doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0916-2

  22. Solomon IH, Normandin E, Bhattacharyya S, Mukerji SS,Keller K, Ali AS, et al. Neuropathological Features of Covid-19.The N Engl J Med. 2020;383(10):989-92. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2019373

  23. Brann DH, Tsukahara T, Weinreb C, Lipovsek M, Vanden Berge K, Gong B, et al. Non-neuronal expression ofSARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggestsmechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. SciAdv. 2020;6(31):eabc5801. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5801

  24. Desai M, Oppenheimer J. The Importance of ConsideringOlfactory Dysfunction During the COVID-19 Pandemic andin Clinical Practice. JACI. 2021;9(1):7-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.10.036

  25. Whitcroft KL, Hummel T. Clinical Diagnosis and CurrentManagement Strategies for Olfactory Dysfunction: A Review.JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;145(9):846-53. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2019.1728

  26. Moein ST, Hahemian SMR, Mansourafshar B, Khorram-TousiA, Tabarsi P, Doty RL. Smell dysfunction: a biomarker forCOVID-19. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2020;10(8):944-50. doi:10.1002/alr.22587

  27. Sorokowska A, Drechsler E, Karwowski M, Hummel T.Effects of olfactory training: a meta-analysis. Rhinology2017;55(1):17-26. doi: 10.4193/Rhin16.195

  28. Kandemirli SG, Altundag A, Yildirim D, Tekcan Sanli DE,Saatci O. Olfactory Bulb MRI and Paranasal Sinus CT Findingsin Persistent COVID-19 Anosmia. Acad Radiol. 2021;28(1):28-35. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.10.006

  29. Aragao M, Leal MC, Cartaxo Filho OQ. Anosmia in COVID-19associated with injury to the olfactory bulbs evident on MRI.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2020;41(9):1703-06. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A6675

  30. Galougahi MK, Ghorbani J, Bakhshayeshkaram M. Olfactorybulb magnetic resonance imaging in SARS-CoV-2-inducedanosmia: the first report. Acad Radiol. 2020;27(6):892-93. doi:10.1016/j.acra.2020.04.002

  31. Laurendon T, Radulesco T, Mugnier J. Bilateral transientolfactory bulbs edema during COVID-19-relatedanosmia. Neurology. 2020;95(5):224-25. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009850

  32. Politi LS, Salsano E, Grimaldi M. Magnetic resonance imagingalteration of the brain in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) and anosmia. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(8):1028-29.doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2125

  33. Doty RL. Treatments for smell and taste disorders: A criticalreview. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;164:455-479. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63855-7.00025-3

  34. Scangas GA, Bleier BS. Anosmia: Differential Diagnosis,Evaluation, and Management. Am J Rhinol Allergy.2017;31(1):3-7. doi: 10.2500/ajra.2017.31.4403

  35. Vaira LA, Deiana G, Fois AG, Pirina P, Madeddu G, De VitoA, et al. Objective evaluation of anosmia and ageusia inCOVID-19 patients: single-center experience on 72 cases.Head Neck. 2020;42(6):1252-8. doi: 10.1002/hed.26204

  36. Cooper KW, Brann DH, Farruggia MC, Bhutani S, PellegrinoR, Tsukahara T, et al. COVID-19 and the chemical senses:supporting players take center stage. Neuron. 2020;107(2):219-33. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.032

  37. Konstantinidis I, Tsakiropoulou E, Bekiaridou P, KazantzidouC, Constantinidis J. Use of Olfactory Training in Post-Traumaticand Postinfectious Olfactory Dysfunction. The Laryngoscope.2013;123(12):E85-90. doi: 10.1002/lary.24390

  38. Pellegrino R, Han P, Reither N, Hummel T. Effectiveness ofOlfactory Training on Different Severities of PosttraumaticLoss of Smell. The Laryngoscope. 2019;129(8):1737-43. doi:10.1002/lary.27832

  39. Patel ZM. Olfactory Loss and Olfactory Training. JAMAOtolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;147(9):840. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2021.1507

  40. Pekala K, Chandra RK, Turner JH. Efficacy of olfactorytraining in patients with olfactory loss: a systematic review andmeta-analysis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2016;6(3):299-307.doi: 10.1002/alr.21669

  41. Lavinsky J, Kosugi EM, Baptistella E, Roithmann R,Dolci E, Ribeiro TK, et al. An update on COVID-19 forthe otorhinolaryngologist - a Brazilian Association ofOtolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery (ABORL-CCF)Position Statement. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;86(3):273-80. doi: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.04.002

  42. Walker A, Pottinger G, Scott A, Hopkin C. Anosmia and lossof smell in the era of covid-19. BMJ. 2020;370:m2808. doi:10.1136/bmj.m2808




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com