medigraphic.com
ISSN 1405-8871 (Print)

2024, Number 1

<< Back Next >>

Aten Fam 2024; 31 (1)

Biopsychosocial Factors Associated with Homosexuality and Other Types of Sexual Orientation

Salas-Sánchez B, Fernández-Ortega MÁ, Medina-Rosales A

Language: Spanish
References: 54
Page: 35-42
PDF size: 163.52 Kb.


ABSTRACT

It has been estimated that about 9% of the world population belongs to the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) population, with a significant under-reporting in many of the countries, due to cultural, religious, and violence reasons. In Mexico, more than five million people belong to this community, and are subject to stigmatization and discrimination. There is little published scientific evidence regarding biological factors that contribute to the development of sexual orientation, among these are hormonal, genetic or immunological influences.
Psychosexual development has been described by addressing the interactions of individuals with society, and their effects on mental health. There is no clear evidence of the origin of the differences in the development of sexual identity, and orientation, which may be multifactorial. The lack of social acceptance and understanding generates accentuated risks in physical, and mental health within the LGBT community, leading individuals to present more frequently psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and even suicide attempts; given the above, the objective of this work was to analyze the associated factors with sexual behavior in the LGBT population, and its effects on mental health.


REFERENCES

  1. Boswell J. IV: Towards the Long View Revolutions,Universals and Sexual Categories. Salmagundi.1982; 58(59):89–113.

  2. Guasch O. Homosexualidad, masculinidades eidentidad gay en la tardomodernidad: el caso español.Mientras Tanto. 2008;107:27–47.

  3. Lozano I. El significado de homosexualidad en jóvenesde la Ciudad de México. Enseñanza e investigaciónen psicología. 2009;14(1):153-168.

  4. Solana M. El debate sobre los orígenes de la homosexualidadmasculina. Una revisión de la distinciónentre esencialismo y construccionismo en historia dela sexualidad. Tópicos, Rev Fil. 2017;54:395-427.

  5. Peidro S. La patologización de la homosexualidaden los Manuales diagnósticos y clasificacionespsiquiátricas. Revista de Bioética y Derecho.2021;52:221–235.

  6. Laguarda R. Gay en México: lucha de representacionese identidad. Alteridades. 2007;17(33):127-133.

  7. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic andstatistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. 4°ed. Washington, DC; 1994.

  8. Téllez-Vega F. Representación discursiva sobrela homosexualidad en el manual diagnóstico yestadístico de trastornos mentales (revisión de1995). Cuadernos de Lingüística Hispánica.2014;25,143-162.

  9. La Agencia de la ONU para los refugiados(ACNUR). Día Internacional contra la Homofobia,Transfobia y Bifobia, «Justicia y Protecciónpara Todos» [Internet]. [Citado 2023 Ago 22].Disponible en: https://www.acnur.org/mx/noticias/news-releases/dia-internacional-contra-la-homofobia-transfobia-y-bifobia-justicia-y

  10. Savic I, Garcia-Falgueras A, Swaab DF. Sexualdifferentiation of the human brain in relation togender identity and sexual orientation. Prog BrainRes. 2010;186:41–62.

  11. American Psychological Association. Task Forceon Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to SexualOrientation. Report of the American PsychologicalAssociation Task Force on Appropriate TherapeuticResponses to Sexual Orientation. [Internet] [Citado2023 Ene 06] Disponible en: https://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/therapeutic-response.pdf

  12. El Mundo. Cuando la homosexualidad se considerabauna enfermedad. [Internet]. [Citado2023 Ene 05] Disponible en: https://www.elmundo.es/elmundosalud/2005/06/24/medicina/1119625636.html

  13. Marrón JL. Sexual Behavior. En: Gellman, TurnerJR, editor. Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine.10° ed. New York: Springer; 2013. p. 1773–1774

  14. Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Géneroy salud [Internet] [Citado 2023 Ene 05]. Disponibleen: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/factsheets/detail/gender

  15. Johnson B, Leibowitz S, Chavez A, Herbert S. RiskVersus Resiliency. Child and Adolescent PsychiatricClinics of North America. 2019;28(3):509-521.

  16. Secretaria de Gobernación. ¿Qué es la identidad degénero? [Internet] Gobierno de México. [Citado2023 Mar 20]. Disponible en https://www.gob.mx/segob/articulos/que-es-la-identidad-de-genero

  17. Ontario Human Rights Commission. Genderidentity and gender expression. [Internet] 2022.[Citado 2023 Ene 20] Disponible en: https://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/policy-preventing-discriminationbecause-gender-identity-and-gender-expression/3-gender-identity-and-gender-expression

  18. Consejo Nacional para Prevenir la Discriminación(CONAPRED). Glosario de la diversidad sexual,de género y características sexuales 2016. [Internet][Citado 2023 Ene 20] Disponible en: https://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/Glosario_TDSyG_WEB.pdf

  19. Palermo E. Pansexual: A ‘new’ sexual orientation?Live Science 2013 [Citado 2023 Ene 20] Disponibleen: http://www.livescience.com/41163-pansexual-sexual-orientation-pansexuality.html

  20. Kelleher S, Murphy M, Su X. Asexual Identity Developmentand Internalisation: A Scoping Reviewof Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence. PsychSex. 2023;14(1):45–72

  21. IPSOS. LGBT+ Pride 2021 Global Survey [Internet][Citado 2023 Ene 20]. Disponible en:https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2021-06/LGBT%20Pride%202021%20Global%20Survey%20Report_3.pdf

  22. ILGA World. [Internet] [Citado 2023 Ene 20]Disponible en: https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_Mundo_Homofobia_de_Estado_Actualizacion_Panorama_global_Legislacion_diciembre_2020.pdf

  23. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía(INEGI). Encuesta Nacional sobre DiversidadSexual y de Género (ENDISEG) Conociendo ala población LGBTI+ en México 2021 [Internet][Citado 2022 Oct 22] Disponible en: https://www.inegi.org.mx/tablerosestadisticos/lgbti/

  24. Turano A, Osborne BF. Schwarz JM. Sexual Differentiationand Sex Differences in Neural Development.Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2019;43:69-110.

  25. Cooke BM, Hegstrom CD, Villeneuve LS, BreedloveSM. Sexual differentiation of the vertebratebrain: principles and mechanisms. Front Neuroendocrinol.1998;19(4):323-362.

  26. Pillard RC, Bailey JM. Human sexual orientationhas a heritable component. Hum. Biol.1998;70(2):347–365.

  27. Roselli CE, Estill C, Stadelman HL, MeakerM, Stormshak F. Separate critical periods existfor testosterone-induced differentiation of thebrain and genitals in sheep. Endocrinology.2011;152(6):2409–2415.

  28. Diamond M, Sigmundson HK. Sex reassignment atbirth. Long-term review and clinical implications.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151(3):298-304.

  29. Zhou JN, Hofman MA, Gooren LJG, Swaab DF.A sex difference in the human brain and its relationto transsexuality. Nature. 1995;378(6552):68-70.

  30. LeVay S. A difference in hypothalamic structurebetween heterosexual and homosexual men. Science.1991;253(5023):1034-1037.

  31. Allen LS, Gorski RA. Sexual orientation and thesize of the anterior commissure in the human brain.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;89(15):7199-7202.

  32. Savic I, Lindström P. PET and MRI show differencesin cerebral asymmetry and functional connectivitybetween homo and heterosexual subjects. Proceedingsof the National Academy of Sciences of theUnited States of America. 2008;105(27):9403-9408.

  33. Ganna A, Verweij KJH, Nivard MG, Maier R, WedowR, Busch, et al. Large-scale GWAS reveals insightsinto the genetic architecture of same-sex sexualbehavior. Science. 2019;365(6456),eaat7693.

  34. Blanchard R. Fraternal birth order and the maternalimmune hypothesis of male homosexuality.Hormones and Behavior. 2001;40(2):105-114.

  35. Bogaert AF. Biological versus nonbiological olderbrothers and men's sexual orientation. Proc NatlAcad Sci. 2003;103(28):10771-4.

  36. Freud S. Tres ensayos de teoría sexual. 6° ed. BuenosAires. Amorrortu Editores; 1992.

  37. Lantz SE, Ray S. Freud Developmental Theory[Internet] [Citado 2023 Feb 02] Disponibleen: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557526/

  38. Erikson E. Infancia y Sociedad. 12° ed. Buenos Aires.Ediciones Hormé; 1993.

  39. Orenstein GA, Lewis L. Eriksons Stages of PsychosocialDevelopment. [Internet] [Citado 2023 Feb02] Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556096/

  40. Bordignon NA. El desarrollo psicosocial de EricErikson. El diagrama epigenético del adulto RevistaLasallista de Investigación. 2005;2(2):50-63

  41. Ardila R. Homosexualidad y psicología. 2° ed. Bogotá.Manual Moderno;1998.

  42. Ceballos AK, Zambrano CA, Ojeda E. Manual deorientaciones estratégicas para el empoderamientoen personas con orientación sexual homosexual[Internet] [Citado 2023 Feb 02] Disponible en:http://sired.udenar.edu.co/id/eprint/2746

  43. Zambrano CA, Hernández-Pasichaná P, Guerrero-Montero A. Proceso de reconocimiento dela orientación sexual homosexual en estudiantesde una universidad pública. Psicogente. 2019;22(41):1-29.

  44. Deutsch AR, Hoffman L, Wilcox BL. Sexual selfconcept:Testing a hypothesized model for menand women. J Sex Res. 2014;51(8):932-945.

  45. Rowen CJ, Malcolm JP. Correlates of internalizedhomophobia and homosexual identityformation in a sample of gay men. J Homosex.2003;43(2):77-92.

  46. Lothwel LE, Libby N, Adelson SL. Mental HealthCare for LGBT Youths. Focus 2020; 18(3):268-276.

  47. Haas AP, Eliason M, Mays VM, Mathy RM, CochranSD, D’Augelli AR, et al. Suicide and suiciderisk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgenderpopulations: Review and recommendations. J Homosex.2010;58(1):10-51.

  48. Rosario M, Schrimshaw EW, Hunter J. Disclosureof sexual orientation and subsequent substanceuse and abuse among lesbian, gay, and bisexualyouths: critical role of disclosure reactions. Psychologyof addictive behaviors: journal of the Societyof Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors. 2009;23(1):175–184.

  49. Ryan C, Huebner D, Diaz RM, Sanchez J. Familyrejection as a predictor of negative health outcomesin white and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexualyoung adults. Pediatrics. 2009;123(1):346-352.

  50. Lin HC, Chang YP, Chen YL, Yen CF. Relationshipsof Homophobic Bullying Victimizationduring Childhood with Borderline PersonalityDisorder Symptoms in Early Adulthood amongGay and Bisexual Men: Mediating Effect of DepressiveSymptoms and Moderating Effect of FamilySupport. Int J Environ Res Public Health.2022;19(8):4789.

  51. Nadal KL, Whitman CN, Davis LS, Erazo T, DavidoffKC. Microaggressions Toward Lesbian, Gay,Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and GenderqueerPeople: A Review of the Literature. Journal of sexresearch. 2016;53(4-5):488-508.

  52. Earnshaw VA, Bogart LM, Poteat VP, Reisner SL,Schuster MA. Bullying Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,and Transgender Youth. Pediatric Clinics ofNorth America. 2016;63(6):999-1010.

  53. Li F, Liao J, Sun X, Yang T, Li T, Wang Y, Mei Y.Does self-concept clarity relate to depressive symptomsin chinese gay men? The mediating effects ofsexual orientation concealment and gay communityconnectedness. Sexuality Research & Social Policy:A Journal of the NSRC. 2022;9:1506-1518.

  54. Yolaç E, Meriç M. Internalized homophobia anddepression levels in LGBT individuals. Perspectivesin psychiatric care. 2021;57(1):304-310.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com