2024, Number 2
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Enf Infec Microbiol 2024; 44 (2)
Tetanus in children: new perspectives and updated approaches
Reyes GU, Montaño AA, García CC, Hernández GMA, Reyes HKL, Ayuzo VC
Language: Spanish
References: 17
Page: 62-69
PDF size: 463.57 Kb.
ABSTRACT
Tetanus is a severe and potentially fatal disease caused by the exotoxin tetanospasmin, produced by certain strains
of
Clostridium tetani. C. tetani is a gram-positive, non-encapsulated, strictly anaerobic bacillus. The natural habitat of
Clostridium tetani is the soil. The spores have a wide distribution in the soil, the digestive tract, the feces of horses,
sheep, cattle, dogs, cats, rats, guinea pigs, chickens, and humans, predominantly in warm and humid agricultural
areas. Soil treated with manure can contain significant spores quantities. Clinical manifestation include facial muscles
contractions, leading to trismus, where the lower jaw locks, and giving rise to a facial expression recognized as
a “sardonic grin”. These initial signs are followed by contractions in the back muscles, resulting in an arched posture
referred to as opisthotonos. Finally, sudden and generalized convulsions, known as tetanic spasms, are triggered.
Any individual is at risk of acquiring tetanus, but is more frequent ad severe in newborns and elderly adults who
have incomplete or have not been received tetanus toxoid vaccination. This serves as a fundamental review that
every primary care physician should know and implement, focusing on comprehensive and specific vaccination
strategies for all age groups, but particularly in children.
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