medigraphic.com
Colegio de Medicina Interna de México.

2024, Number 10

<< Back Next >>

Med Int Mex 2024; 40 (10)

Pulmonary hypertension: Preoperative assessment and perioperative care in noncardiac surgery: State of the art

Trujillo FD, Izunza SS, Espinoza GJG, Blas TCU

Language: Spanish
References: 251
Page: 673-698
PDF size: 702.66 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Pulmonary hypertension is an important complication of many diseases with diverse pathophysiologies and individuals who suffer from it will require an urgent or elective surgical procedure at some point in their lives. This disease is associated with multiple complications in the perioperative period, so risk stratification is appropriate to optimize specific therapy and achieve a favorable prognosis. In daily practice, internists, cardiologists, intensivists, anesthesiologists and related personnel will face this challenging situation, where knowledge of perioperative care in this group of patients is of utmost importance. That is why this update highlights the new clinical stratification, from which appropriate pharmacological management is derived, in addition to mechanical circulatory support during a surgical event if necessary and within the intensive care unit, as well as the recognition of secondary multi-organ damage that will jeopardize the clinical evolution of this vulnerable population.


REFERENCES

  1. Frost A, Badesch D, Gibbs JSR, Gopalan D, et al. Diagnosisof pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2019; 53 (1):1801904. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01904-2018

  2. Rajagopal S, Ruetzler K, Ghadimi K, Horn EM, et al. Evaluationand Management of Pulmonary Hypertension in NoncardiacSurgery: A Scientific Statement from the AmericanHeart Association. Circulation 2023; 147 (17): 1317-43. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001136

  3. Price LC, Martinez G, Brame A, Pickworth T, et al. Perioperativemanagement of patients with pulmonary hypertensionundergoing non-cardiothoracic, non-obstetric surgery: asystematic review and expert consensus statement. Br J Anaesth2021; 126 (4): 774-90. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.01.005

  4. Vonk Noordegraaf A, Chin KM, Haddad F, Hassoun PM,et al. Pathophysiology of the right ventricle and of thepulmonary circulation in pulmonary hypertension:an update. Eur Respir J 2019; 53 (1): 1801900. doi:10.1183/13993003.01900-2018

  5. Simonneau G, Montani D, Celermajer DS, Denton CP, et al.Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classificationof pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2019; 53 (1):1801913. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01913-2018

  6. Wijeratne DT, Lajkosz K, Brogly SB, Lougheed MD, et al.Increasing incidence and prevalence of World HealthOrganization groups 1 to 4 pulmonary hypertension: apopulation-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada. CircCardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2018; 11 (2): e003973. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.117.003973

  7. Jha AK, Jha N, Malik V. Perioperative decision-making inpulmonary hypertension. Heart Lung Circ 2023; 32 (4):454-66. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2023.01.013

  8. Nathan SD, Barbera JA, Gaine SP, Harari S, et al. Pulmonaryhypertension in chronic lung disease andhypoxia. Eur Respir J 2019; 53 (1): 1801914. doi:10.1183/13993003.01914-2018

  9. Bennett JM, Ehrenfeld JM, Markham L, Eagle SS. Anestheticmanagement and outcomes for patients withpulmonary hypertension and intracardiac shunts andEisenmenger syndrome: a review of institutional experience.J Clin Anesth 2014; 26 (4): 286-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2013.11.022

  10. Price LC, Montani D, Jaïs X, Dick JR, et al. Noncardiothoracicnonobstetric surgery in mild-to-moderate pulmonaryhypertension. Eur Respir J 2010; 35 (6): 1294-302. doi:10.1183/09031936.00113009

  11. Meyer S, McLaughlin VV, Seyfarth HJ, Bull TM, et al. Outcomesof noncardiac, nonobstetric surgery in patientswith PAH: an international prospective survey. Eur RespirJ 2013; 41 (6): 1302-7. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00089212

  12. Smilowitz NR, Armanious A, Bangalore S, RamakrishnaH, Berger JS. Cardiovascular outcomes of patients withpulmonary hypertension undergoing noncardiac surgery.Am J Cardiol 2019; 123 (9): 1532-37. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.02.006

  13. Lau EMT, Giannoulatou E, Celermajer DS, Humbert M.Epidemiology and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.Nat Rev Cardiol 2017; 14 (10): 603-14. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.84

  14. MacLean MR. Endothelin-1 and serotonin: mediators ofprimary and secondary pulmonary hypertension? J LabClin Med 1999; 134 (2): 105-14. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2143(99)90114-2

  15. Cober ND, VandenBroek MM, Ormiston ML, Stewart DJ.Evolving concepts in endothelial pathobiology of pulmonaryarterial hypertension. Hypertension 2022; 79 (8):1580-90. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.18261

  16. Ghigna MR, Dorfmüller P. Pulmonary vascular disease andpulmonary hypertension. Diagnostic Histopathol 2019; 25:30412. doi 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2019.05.002

  17. Humbert M, Guignabert C, Bonnet S, Dorfmüller P, et al.Pathology and pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension:state of the art and research perspectives. Eur Respir J2019; 53 (1): 1801887. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01887-2018

  18. van der Bruggen CEE, Tedford RJ, Handoko ML, van derVelden J, de Man FS. RV pressure overload: from hypertrophyto failure. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113 (12): 1423-32.doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvx145

  19. van Wolferen SA, Marcus JT, Westerhof N, SpreeuwenbergMD, et al. Right coronary artery flow impairment in patientswith pulmonary hypertension. Eur Heart J 2008; 29 (1):120-7. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm567

  20. Rana BS, Robinson S, Francis R, Toshner M, et al Tricuspidregurgitation and the right ventricle in risk stratificationand timing of intervention. Echo Res Pract 2019; 6 (1):R25-R39. doi: 10.1530/ERP-18-0051

  21. Brittain EL, Talati M, Fessel JP, Zhu H, et al. Fatty acidmetabolic defects and right ventricular lipotoxicity in humanpulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 2016;133 (20): 1936-44.

  22. Rain S, Andersen S, Najafi A, Gammelgaard Schultz J, daSilva Goncalves Bós D, Handoko ML, et al. Right ventricularmyocardial stiffness in experimental pulmonary arterialhypertension: relative contribution of fibrosis and myofibrilstiffness. Circ Heart Fail 2016; 9 (7): e002636.

  23. Piao L, Marsboom G, Archer SL. Mitochondrial metabolicadaptation in right ventricular hypertrophy and failure. JMol Med (Berl) 2010; 88 (10): 1011-20.

  24. Chan SY, Rubin LJ. Metabolic dysfunction in pulmonaryhypertension: from basic science to clinical practice.Eur Respir Rev 2017; 26 (146): 170094. doi:10.1183/16000617.0094-2017

  25. Al-Qazazi R, Lima PDA, Prisco SZ, Potus F, Dasgupta A, ChenKH, et al. Macrophage–NLRP3 activation promotes rightventricle failure in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am JRespir Crit Care Med 2022; 206 (5): 608-624.

  26. Houston BA, Brittain EL, Tedford RJ. Right Ventricular Failure.N Engl J Med. 2023; 388 (12): 1111-25. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2207410

  27. Hoeper MM, Benza RL, Corris P, de Perrot M, et al. Intensivecare, right ventricular support and lung transplantation inpatients with pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2019;53 (1): 1801906. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01906-2018

  28. Tello K, Naeije R, de Man F, Guazzi M. Pathophysiologyof the right ventricle in health and disease: an update.Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119 (10): 1891-1904. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvad108

  29. Kim NH, Delcroix M, Jais X, Madani MM, et al. Chronicthromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J2019; 53 (1): 1801915. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01915-2018

  30. Marenzi G, Lauri G, Grazi M, Assanelli E, et al. Circulatoryresponse to fluid overload removal by extracorporeal ultrafiltrationin refractory congestive heart failure. J AmColl Cardiol 2001; 38 (4): 963-8. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01479-6

  31. Ireland CG, Damico RL, Kolb TM, Mathai SC, et al. Exerciseright ventricular ejection fraction predicts right ventricularcontractile reserve. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021; 40 (6):504-12.

  32. Badagliacca R, Reali M, Poscia R, Pezzuto B, et al. Rightintraventricular dyssynchrony in idiopathic, heritable,and anorexigen-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension:clinical impact and reversibility. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging2015; 8 (6): 642-52.

  33. Marcus JT, Westerhof BE, Groeneveldt JA, Bogaard HJ, etal. Vena cava backflow and right ventricular stiffness inpulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2019; 54(4): 1900625.

  34. Harjola VP, Mebazaa A, Čelutkienė J, Bettex D, et al. Contemporarymanagement of acute right ventricular failure:a statement from the Heart Failure Association and theWorking Group on Pulmonary Circulation and Right VentricularFunction of the European Society of Cardiology.Eur J Heart Fail 2016; 18 (3): 226-41. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.478

  35. Al-Omary MS, Stuart S, Boyle AJ, Sverdlov AL, Collins NJ.Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease. Hypertension2020; 75 (6): 1397-408. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14330

  36. Moser KM, Bloor CM. Pulmonary vascular lesions occurringin patients with chronic major vessel thromboembolicpulmonary hypertension. Chest 1993; 103 (3): 685-92. doi:10.1378/chest.103.3.685

  37. Frump A, Lahm T. The Y chromosome takes the field tomodify BMPR2 expression. Am J Respir Crit Care Med2018; 198 (12): 1476-8.

  38. Jacobs W, van de Veerdonk MC, Trip P, de Man F, et al.The right ventricle explains sex differences in survival inidiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest 2014;145 (6): 1230-6. doi: 10.1378/chest.13-1291

  39. Le RJ, Fenstad ER, Maradit-Kremers H, McCully RB, et al.Syncope in adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension.J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58 (8): 863-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.04.026

  40. Chung F, Yegneswaran B, Liao P, Chung SA, et al. STOPquestionnaire: a tool to screen patients for obstructivesleep apnea. Anesthesiology 2008; 108 (5): 812-21. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31816d83e4

  41. Humbert M, Sitbon O, Yaici A, Montani D, et al. Survival inincident and prevalent cohorts of patients with pulmonaryarterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2010; 36 (3): 549-555.doi: 10.1183/09031936.00057010

  42. McCollister D, Shaffer S, Badesch DB, Filusch A, et al.Development of the Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension-Symptoms and Impact (PAH-SYMPACT®) questionnaire: anew patient-reported outcome instrument for PAH. RespirRes 2016; 17 (1): 72. doi: 10.1186/s12931-016-0388-6

  43. Lewis RA, Armstrong I, Bergbaum C, Brewis MJ, et al.EmPHasis-10 health-related quality of life score predictsoutcomes in patients with idiopathic and connective tissuedisease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension:results from a UK multicentre study. Eur Respir J 2021; 57(2): 2000124. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00124-2020

  44. Barnett CF, O’Brien C, De Marco T. Critical care managementof the patient with pulmonary hypertension. EurHeart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2022; 11 (1): 77-83. doi:10.1093/ehjacc/zuab113

  45. Galie N, Barbera JA, Frost AE, Ghofrani HA, et al. AMBITIONInvestigators. Initial use of ambrisentan plus tadalafil inpulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med 2015; 373(9): 834-44. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1413687

  46. Stickel S, Gin-Sing W, Wagenaar M, Gibbs JSR. The practicalmanagement of fluid retention in adults with right heartfailure due to pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J2019; 21(Suppl K): K46-53. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/suz207

  47. Wood C, Balciunas M, Lordan J, Mellor A. Perioperativemanagement of pulmonary hypertension. a review. J CritCare Med (Targu Mures) 2021; 7 (2): 83-96. doi: 10.2478/jccm-2021-0007

  48. McGoon M, Gutterman D, Steen V, Barst R, et al. AmericanCollege of Chest Physicians. Screening, early detection, anddiagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2004; 126(1 Suppl): 14S-34S. doi: 10.1378/chest.126.1_suppl.14S

  49. Remy-Jardin M, Ryerson CJ, Schiebler ML, Leung ANC,Wild JM, Hoeper MM, et al. Imaging of pulmonaryhypertension in adults: a position paper from the FleischnerSociety. Eur Respir J 2021; 57(1): 2004455. doi:10.1183/13993003.04455-2020

  50. Murphy ML, Thenabadu PN, de Soyza N, Doherty JE, et al.Reevaluation of electrocardiographic criteria for left, rightand combined cardiac ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol1984; 53 (8): 1140-47. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(84)90651-9

  51. Chin KM, Rubin LJ, Channick R, Di Scala L, Gaine S, GalièN, et al. Association of N-terminal pro brain natriureticpeptide and long-term outcome in patients with pulmonaryarterial hypertension: insights from the phase III GRIPHONstudy. Circulation 2019; 139 (21): 2440-50. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039360

  52. Yost GL, Joseph CR, Tatooles AJ, Bhat G. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratio predicts outcomes in patients implantedwith left ventricular assist devices. ASAIO J 2015; 61 (6):664-9. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000000267

  53. Haddad F, Peterson T, Fuh E, Kudelko KT, et al. Characteristicsand outcome after hospitalization for acute right heartfailure in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.Circ Heart Fail 2011; 4 (6): 692-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.110.949933

  54. Humbert M, Kovacs G, Hoeper MM, Badagliacca R, etal. ESC/ERS Scientific Document Group. 2022 ESC/ERSGuidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonaryhypertension. Eur Heart J 2022; 43 (38): 3618-3731. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac237

  55. Ghio S, Pica S, Klersy C, Guzzafame E, et al. Prognosticvalue of TAPSE after therapy optimisation in patients withpulmonary arterial hypertension is independent of thehaemodynamic effects of therapy. Open Heart 2016; 3 (1):e000408. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2016-000408

  56. Hoette S, Creuzé N, Günther S, Montani D, et al. RVfractional area change and TAPSE as predictors of severeright ventricular dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension:A CMR Study. Lung 2018; 96 (2): 157-64. doi: 10.1007/s00408-018-0089-7.

  57. Fernandez-Golfin C, Zamorano JL. Three-dimensional echocardiographyand right ventricular function: the beautyand the beast? Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10 (2). doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.117.006099

  58. Austin C, Alassas K, Burger C, Safford R, et al. Echocardiographicassessment of estimated right atrial pressure andsize predicts mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension.Chest 2015; 147 (1): 198-208. doi: 10.1378/chest.13-3035

  59. Tartavoulle T, Bonanno LS, Hall S. Perioperative considerationsfor patients diagnosed with pulmonary hypertensionundergoing noncardiac surgery. J Perianesth Nurs 2019; 34(2): 240-49. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2017.11.008

  60. Badagliacca R, Pezzuto B, Papa S, Poscia R, et al. Right ventricularstrain curve morphology and outcome in idiopathicpulmonary arterial hypertension. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging2021; 14 (1): 162-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.08.017

  61. Collier P, Xu B, Kusunose K, Phelan D, et al. Impact ofabnormal longitudinal rotation on the assessment ofright ventricular systolic function in patients with severepulmonary hypertension. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10 (8): 4694-4704. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2018.07.118

  62. Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, Hua L, et al. Guidelines for theechocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults:a report from the American Society of Echocardiographyendorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography,a registered branch of the European Society ofCardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography.J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010; 23 (7): 685-713; quiz 786-8.doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2010.05.010

  63. Arkles JS, Opotowsky AR, Ojeda J, Rogers F, et al. Shape ofthe right ventricular Doppler envelope predicts hemodynamicsand right heart function in pulmonary hypertension.Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183 (2): 268-76. doi:10.1164/rccm.201004-0601OC

  64. Pieske B, Tschöpe C, de Boer RA, Fraser AG, et al. How todiagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction:the HFA-PEFF diagnostic algorithm: a consensus recommendationfrom the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of theEuropean Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2019; 40(40): 3297-3317. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz641

  65. Subramani S, Sharma A, Arora L, Hanada S, Krishnan S,Ramakrishna H. Perioperative right ventricular dysfunction:analysis of outcomes. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2022; 36(1): 309-20. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2021.01.032

  66. Tello K, Axmann J, Ghofrani HA, Naeije R, et al. Relevanceof the TAPSE/PASP ratio in pulmonary arterial hypertension.Int J Cardiol 2018; 266: 229-35. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.01.053

  67. Miotti C, Papa S, Manzi G, Scoccia G, et al. The growing roleof echocardiography in pulmonary arterial hypertensionrisk stratification: the missing piece. J Clin Med. 2021; 10(4): 619. doi: 10.3390/jcm10040619

  68. Bax S, Jacob J, Ahmed R, Bredy C, et al. Right ventricular toleft ventricular ratio at CT pulmonary angiogram predictsmortality in interstitial lung disease. Chest. 2020; 157 (1):89-98. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.06.033

  69. Ascha M, Renapurkar RD, Tonelli AR. A review of imagingmodalities in pulmonary hypertension. Ann Thorac Med2017; 12 (2): 61-73. doi: 10.4103/1817-1737.203742

  70. Raymond TE, Khabbaza JE, Yadav R, Tonelli AR. Significanceof main pulmonary artery dilation on imaging studies.Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014; 11 (10): 1623-32. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201406-253PP

  71. Barbosa EJ Jr, Gupta NK, Torigian DA, Gefter WB. Currentrole of imaging in the diagnosis and management of pulmonaryhypertension. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012; 198 (6):1320-31. doi: 10.2214/AJR.11.7366

  72. Hussain N, Capener D, Elliot C, Condliffe R, Wild JM, KielyDG, et al Interventricular septal angle can be used topredict which patients have combined postcapillary orprecapillary pulmonary hypertension in left heart disease.J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2015; 17 (Suppl 1): P338. doi:10.1186/1532-429X-17-S1-P338

  73. Swift AJ, Dwivedi K, Johns C, Garg P, et al. Diagnostic accuracyof CT pulmonary angiography in suspected pulmonaryhypertension. Eur Radiol 2020; 30 (9): 4918-29. doi:10.1007/s00330-020-06846-1

  74. Alabed S, Shahin Y, Garg P, Alandejani F, et al. Cardiac-MRIpredicts clinical worsening and mortality in pulmonaryarterial hypertension: A systematic review and metaanalysis.JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 14 (5): 931-42.doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.08.013

  75. Contaldi C, Capuano F, Romano L, Ranieri B, et al. Cardiovascularmagnetic resonance in right heart and pulmonarycirculation disorders. Heart Fail Clin 2021; 17 (1): 57-75.doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2020.08.006

  76. van der Bruggen CE, Handoko ML, Bogaard HJ, Marcus JT,et al. The value of hemodynamic measurements or cardiacMRI in the follow-up of patients with idiopathic pulmonaryarterial hypertension. Chest. 2021; 159 (4): 1575-85. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.077

  77. Heresi GA, Rao Y. Follow-up functional class and 6-minutewalk distance identify long-term survival in pulmonaryarterial hypertension. Lung 2020; 198 (6): 933-38. doi:10.1007/s00408-020-00402-w

  78. Khirfan G, Naal T, Abuhalimeh B, Newman J, et al. Hypoxemiain patients with idiopathic or heritable pulmonaryarterial hypertension. PLoS One 2018; 13 (1): e0191869.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191869

  79. Sun XG, Hansen JE, Oudiz RJ, Wasserman K. Pulmonary functionin primary pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol2003; 41 (6): 1028-35. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02964-9

  80. Alonso-Gonzalez R, Borgia F, Diller GP, Inuzuka R, et al.Abnormal lung function in adults with congenital heartdisease: prevalence, relation to cardiac anatomy, and associationwith survival. Circulation 2013; 127 (8): 882-90.doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.126755

  81. Harbaum L, Fuge J, Kamp JC, Hennigs JK, et al. Bloodcarbon dioxide tension and risk in pulmonary arterial hypertension.Int J Cardiol 2020; 318: 131-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.06.069

  82. Hoeper MM, Dwivedi K, Pausch C, Lewis RA, et al. Phenotypingof idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: aregistry analysis. Lancet Respir Med 2022; S2213-2600 (22):00097-2. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22) 00097-2

  83. Badagliacca R, Rischard F, Giudice FL, Howard L, et al.Incremental value of cardiopulmonary exercise testingin intermediate-risk pulmonary arterial hypertension. JHeart Lung Transplant 2022; 41 (6): 780-90. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.02.021

  84. McGlothlin DP, Granton J, Klepetko W, Beghetti M, et al.ISHLT consensus statement: perioperative managementof patients with pulmonary hypertension and right heartfailure undergoing surgery. J Heart Lung Transplant 2022;41 (9): 1135-94. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.06.013

  85. Martin P, DiMartini A, Feng S, Brown R Jr, Fallon M.Evaluation for liver transplantation in adults: 2013 practiceguideline by the American Association for the Study of LiverDiseases and the American Society of Transplantation.Hepatology 2014; 59 (3): 1144-65. doi: 10.1002/hep.26972

  86. Weatherald J, Boucly A, Chemla D, Savale L, et al. Prognosticvalue of follow-up hemodynamic variables afterinitial management in pulmonary arterial hypertension.Circulation 2018; 137 (7): 693-704. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029254

  87. Benza RL, Gomberg-Maitland M, Elliott CG, Farber HW,et al. Predicting survival in patients with pulmonaryarterial hypertension: the REVEAL risk score calculator2.0 and comparison with ESC/ERS-based risk assessmentstrategies. Chest 2019; 156 (2): 323-37. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.02.004

  88. Hoeper MM, Pausch C, Grünig E, Klose H, et al. Idiopathicpulmonary arterial hypertension phenotypes determinedby cluster analysis from the COMPERA registry. J HeartLung Transpl 2020; 39 (12): 1435-44.doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.09.011

  89. Lewis RA, Thompson AAR, Billings CG, CharalampopoulosA, et al. Mild parenchymal lung disease and/or low diffusioncapacity impacts survival and treatment responsein patients diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary arterialhypertension. Eur Respir J 2020; 55 (6): 2000041. doi:10.1183/13993003.00041-2020

  90. Monteagudo-Vela M, Tindale A, Monguió-Santín E, Reyes-Copa G, Panoulas V. Right ventricular failure: Current strategiesand future development. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023;10: 998382. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.998382

  91. Hoeper MM, Pausch C, Olsson KM, Huscher D, et al. COMPERA2.0: a refined four-stratum risk assessment model forpulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2022; 60 (1):2102311. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02311-2021

  92. Benza RL, Kanwar MK, Raina A, Scott JV, et al. Developmentand validation of an abridged version of the REVEAL2.0 risk score calculator, REVEAL Lite 2, for use in patientswith pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest 2021; 159 (1):337-46. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.2069

  93. van de Veerdonk MC, Marcus JT, Westerhof N, de Man FS,et al. Signs of right ventricular deterioration in clinicallystable patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest2015; 147 (4): 1063-71. doi: 10.1378/chest.14-0701

  94. Rosenkranz S, Howard LS, Gomberg-Maitland M, HoeperMM. Systemic consequences of pulmonary hypertensionand right-sided heart failure. Circulation 2020; 141 (8): 678-93. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022362

  95. Sitbon O, Cottin V, Canuet M, Clerson P, et al. Initial combinationtherapy of macitentan and tadalafil in pulmonaryarterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2020; 56 (3): 2000673.doi: 10.1183/13993003.00673-2020

  96. Sitbon O, Jaïs X, Savale L, Cottin V, et al. Upfront triplecombination therapy in pulmonary arterial hypertension:a pilot study. Eur Respir J 2014; 43 (6): 1691-7. doi:10.1183/09031936.00116313

  97. Hu X, Ding N, Songchen W, Wang R, et al. Lung transplantationfor pulmonary arterial hypertension: optimized referraland listing based on an evolving disease concept. J CardiovascDev Dis 2023; 10 (8): 350. doi: 10.3390/jcdd10080350

  98. Pulido T, Adzerikho I, Channick RN, Delcroix M, et al. Macitentanand morbidity and mortality in pulmonary arterialhypertension. N Engl J Med 2013; 369 (9): 809-18. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1213917

  99. Galiè N, Muller K, Scalise AV, Grunig E. Patent Plus: ablinded, randomised and extension study of riociguat plussildenafil in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J2015; 45 (5): 1314-22. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00105914

  100. Clarkson MR, Giblin L, Brown A, Little D, Donohoe J. Reversalof pulmonary hypertension after ligation of a brachiocephalicarteriovenous fistula. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40 (3): E8. doi: 10.1053/ajkd.2002.34932

  101. Shapiro S, Hill NS. Transition from IV to subcutaneousprostacyclin: premature withdrawal? Chest. 2007; 132 (3):741-3. doi: 10.1378/chest.07-1992

  102. Vachiéry J-L, Tedford RJ, Rosenkranz S, Palazzini M, et al. Pulmonaryhypertension due to left heart disease. Eur Respir J2019; 53 (1): 1801897. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01897-2018

  103. Blanco I, Gimeno E, Munoz PA, Pizarro S, et al. Hemodynamicand gas exchange effects of sildenafil in patientswith chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonaryhypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181 (3):270-8. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200907-0988OC

  104. White RJ, Torres F, Allen R, Jerjes C, et al. Pharmacokineticsof oral treprostinil sustained release tablets during chronicadministration to patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013; 61 (6): 474-81. doi:10.1097/FJC.0b013e31828685da

  105. Mullens W, Damman K, Harjola VP, Mebazaa A, et al. Theuse of diuretics in heart failure with congestion - a positionstatement from the Heart Failure Association of theEuropean Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2019; 21(2): 137-55. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1369

  106. Skhiri M, Hunt SA, Denault AY, Haddad F. Tratamiento basadoen la evidencia de la insuficiencia cardiaca derecha:una revisión sistemática de un campo empírico. Rev EspCardiol 2010; 63 (4): 451-71.

  107. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, et al.ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines forthe diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heartfailure. Eur Heart J 2021; 42 (36): 3599-726. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368

  108. Rangaswami J, Bhalla V, Blair JEA, Chang TI, et al. AmericanHeart Association Council on the Kidney in CardiovascularDisease and Council on Clinical Cardiology. CardiorenalSyndrome: Classification, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis,and Treatment Strategies: A Scientific Statement from theAmerican Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 139 (16):e840-78. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000664

  109. Tibi P, McClure RS, Huang J, Baker RA, et al. STS/SCA/Am-SECT/SABM Update to the Clinical Practice Guidelines onPatient Blood Management. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth2021; 35 (9): 2569-91. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2021.03.011

  110. Sousa-Uva M, Head SJ, Milojevic M, Collet JP, et al. 2017EACTS Guidelines on perioperative medication in adultcardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2018; 53 (1): 5-33.doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezx314

  111. van Es N, De Caterina R, Weitz JI. Reversal agents for currentand forthcoming direct oral anticoagulants. Eur Heart J2023; 44 (20): 1795-1806. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad123

  112. Ota T, Kawai K, Niihata T, Fukuda H. Preoperative balloonpulmonary angioplasty for chronic thromboembolic pulmonaryhypertension led to successful anesthetic managementfor total hysterectomy under general anesthesia:a case report. JA Clin Rep 2020; 6 (1): 55. doi: 10.1186/s40981-020-00359-y

  113. Lang IM, Andreassen AK, Andersen A, Bouvaist H, et al. Balloonpulmonary angioplasty for chronic thromboembolicpulmonary hypertension: a clinical consensus statement ofthe ESC working group on pulmonary circulation and rightventricular function. Eur Heart J 2023; 44 (29): 2659-71.doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad413

  114. Halvorsen S, Mehilli J, Cassese S, Hall TS, et al. ESC ScientificDocument Group. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascularassessment and management of patients undergoing noncardiacsurgery. Eur Heart J 2022; 43 (39): 3826-924. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac270

  115. McDonagh T, Damy T, Doehner W, Lam CSP, et al. Screening,diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency in chronic heartfailure: putting the 2016 European Society of Cardiologyheart failure guidelines into clinical practice. Eur J Heart Fail2018; 20 (12): 1664-72. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1305

  116. Beavers CJ, Ambrosy AP, Butler J, Davidson BT, et al. Irondeficiency in heart failure: A Scientific Statement from theHeart Failure Society of America. J Card Fail 2023; 29 (7):1059-77. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2023.03.025

  117. Blanche C, Alonso-Gonzalez R, Uribarri A, Kempny A, et al.Use of intravenous iron in cyanotic patients with congenitalheart disease and/or pulmonary hypertension. Int J Cardiol2018; 267: 79-83. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.05.062

  118. Ulrich S, Saxer S, Hasler ED, Schwarz EI, et al. Effect ofdomiciliary oxygen therapy on exercise capacity and qualityof life in patients with pulmonary arterial or chronicthromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a randomised,placebo-controlled trial. Eur Respir J 2019; 54 (2): 1900276.doi: 10.1183/13993003.002762019

  119. Grunig E, Lichtblau M, Ehlken N, Ghofrani HA, et al. Safetyand efficacy of exercise training in various forms of pulmonaryhypertension. Eur Respir J 2012; 40 (1): 84-92. doi:10.1183/09031936.00123711

  120. Yang S, Wang J, Kuang T, Gong J, et al. Efficacy and safetyof bronchial artery embolization on hemoptysis in chronicthromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a pilot prospectivecohort study. Crit Care Med 2019; 47 (3): e182-9. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000003578

  121. Galiè N, Saia F, Palazzini M, Manes A, et al. Left maincoronary artery compression in patients with pulmonaryarterial hypertension and angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69 (23): 2808-17. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.597

  122. Nuche J, Montero Cabezas JM, Alonso Charterina S, EscribanoSubias P. Management of incidentally diagnosedpulmonary artery dissection in patients with pulmonaryarterial hypertension. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2019; 56(1): 210-2. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezy387

  123. Seyfarth HJ, Gille J, Sablotzki A, Gerlach S, et al. Perioperativemanagement of patients with severe pulmonary hypertensionin major orthopedic surgery: experience-basedrecommendations. GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr SurgDGPW 2015; 4: Doc03. doi: 10.3205/iprs000062

  124. Atkinson TM, Giraud GD, Togioka BM, Jones DB, CigarroaJE. Cardiovascular and ventilatory consequences of laparoscopicsurgery. Circulation 2017; 135 (7): 700e10. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023262

  125. Alfonsi P, Vieillard-Baron A, Coggia M, Guignard B, et al.Cardiac function during intraperitoneal CO2 insufflation foraortic surgery: a transesophageal echocardiographic study.Anesth Analg 2006; 102 (5): 1304-10. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000202473.17453.79

  126. Bessa Junior RC, Silva Filho AL, Maia PV, Quites LO, TriginelliSA. Hemodynamic repercussions of exaggerated lithotomyposition for vaginal hysterectomy in cardiac patient: casereport. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2006; 56 (1): 57-62. doi:10.1590/s0034-70942006000100008

  127. Minai OA, Yared JP, Kaw R, Subramaniam K, Hill NS. Perioperativerisk and management in patients with pulmonaryhypertension. Chest 2013; 144 (1): 329-40. doi: 10.1378/chest.12-1752

  128. Grübler Martin R, Olivier W, David B, Stefan B. Basic conceptsof heart-lung interactions during mechanical ventilation.Swiss Med Wkly 2017; 147: 14491. doi: 10.4414/smw.2017.14491

  129. Mosier J, Joshi R, Hypes C, Pacheco G, et al. The physiologicallydifficult airway. West J Emerg Med 2015; 16 (7):1109-17. ttps: //doi.org/10.5811/ westjem.2015.8.27467

  130. Vieillard-Baron A, Matthay M, Teboul JL, Bein T, et al. Experts’opinion on management of hemodynamics in ARDSpatients: focus on the effects of mechanical ventilation.Intensive Care Med 2016; 42 (5): 739-49. doi: 10.1007/s00134-016-4326-3

  131. Alviar CL, Miller PE, McAreavey D, Katz JN, et al. ACC CriticalCare Cardiology Working Group. Positive pressure ventilationin the cardiac intensive care unit. J Am Coll Cardiol2018; 72 (13): 1532-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.074

  132. Andrews JS, Hashmi NK. Anesthetic management in adultswith congenital heart disease. Curr Cardiol Rep 2022; 24(3): 235-46. doi: 10.1007/s11886-022-01639-y

  133. Heerdt PM, Stowe DF. Single-lung ventilation and oxidativestress: a different perspective on a common practice.Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2017; 30 (1):42-9. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000410

  134. van Diepen S, Katz JN, Albert NM, Henry TD, et al. AmericanHeart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology; Councilon Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Qualityof Care and Outcomes Research; and Mission: Lifeline.Contemporary Management of Cardiogenic Shock: AScientific Statement from the American Heart Association.Circulation. 2017; 136 (16): e232-68. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000525

  135. Chioncel O, Parissis J, Mebazaa A, Thiele H, et al. Epidemiology,pathophysiology and contemporary management ofcardiogenic shock - a position statement from the HeartFailure Association of the European Society of Cardiology.Eur J Heart Fail 2020; 22 (8): 1315-41. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1922

  136. Lawler PR, Mehra MR. Advancing from a “hemodynamicmodel” to a "mechanistic disease-modifying model" ofcardiogenic shock. J Heart Lung Transplant 2018; 37 (11):1285-88. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.07.009

  137. Krychtiuk KA, Vrints C, Wojta J, Huber K, Speidl WS. Basicmechanisms in cardiogenic shock: part 1-definition andpathophysiology. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2022;11 (4): 356-65. doi: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuac021

  138. Thiele H, Ohman EM, de Waha-Thiele S, Zeymer U, DeschS. Management of cardiogenic shock complicating myocardialinfarction: an update 2019. Eur Heart J 2019; 40 (32):2671-83. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz363

  139. Baran DA, Grines CL, Bailey S, Burkhoff D, et al. SCAIclinical expert consensus statement on the classificationof cardiogenic shock: This document was endorsed by theAmerican College of Cardiology (ACC), the American HeartAssociation (AHA), the Society of Critical Care Medicine(SCCM), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) in April2019. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2019; 94 (1): 29-37. doi:10.1002/ccd.28329

  140. Kittleson MM, Shah P, Lala A, McLean RC, et al. REVIVALInvestigators. INTERMACS profiles and outcomes of ambulatoryadvanced heart failure patients: A report from theREVIVAL Registry. J Heart Lung Transplant 2020; 39 (1):16-26. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.08.017

  141. Schrage B, Dabboura S, Yan I, Hilal R, et al. Application of theSCAI classification in a cohort of patients with cardiogenicshock. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2020; 96 (3): E213-19.doi: 10.1002/ccd.28707

  142. 142.-Ventetuolo CE, Klinger JR. Management of acute rightventricular failure in the intensive care unit. Ann Am ThoracSoc 2014; 11 (5): 811-22. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201312-446FR

  143. Rao V, Ghadimi K, Keeyapaj W, Parsons CA, Cheung AT.Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) and inhaled epoprostenol (iPGI2)use in cardiothoracic surgical patients: is there sufficientevidence for evidence-based recommendations? J CardiothoracVasc Anesth 2018; 32 (3): 1452-7. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2017.12.014

  144. Ghadimi K, Cappiello J, Cooter-Wright M, Haney JC, et al.INSPIRE-FLO Investigators. Inhaled pulmonary vasodilatortherapy in adult lung transplant: a randomized clinicaltrial. JAMA Surg 2022; 157 (1): e215856. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2021.5856

  145. Gasecka A, Banaszkiewicz M, Nieuwland R, van der PolE, et al. Prostacyclin analogues inhibit platelet reactivity,extracellular vesicle release and thrombus formation inpatients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Clin Med2021; 10 (5): 1024. doi: 10.3390/jcm10051024

  146. Lorenzana-Saldivar ED, Cooter M, Parikh J, Milano CA, etal. INSPIRE-FLO Investigators. Bleeding in patients receivinginhaled pulmonary vasodilators for heart failure operations[abstract 11648]. Circulation 2021; 144: A11648. doi:10.1161/circ.144.suppl_1.11648

  147. Seo JS SK, Kim SH. Perioperative anesthetic considerationsin patients with pulmonary hypertension undergoing noncardiacand non-obstetric surgeries. Med Biol Sci Eng 2019;22 (2): 31-9. doi: 10.30579/mbse.2019.2.2.31

  148. Nowroozpoor A, Malekmohammad M, Seyyedi SR, HashemianSM. Pulmonary hypertension in intensive care units:An updated review. Tanaffos 2019; 18 (3): 180-207.

  149. Gomberg-Maitland M, Olschewski H. Prostacyclintherapies for the treatment of pulmonary arterialhypertension. Eur Respir J 2008; 31 (4): 891-901. doi:10.1183/09031936.00097107

  150. Singh R, Choudhury M, Saxena A, Kapoor PM, et al. Inhalednitroglycerin versus inhaled milrinone in children withcongenital heart disease suffering from pulmonary arteryhypertension. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2010; 24 (5):797-801. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2009.10.024

  151. Vachiery JL, Huez S, Gillies H, Layton G, et al. Safety, tolerabilityand pharmacokinetics of an intravenous bolusof sildenafil in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 71 (2): 289-92. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03831.x

  152. Christenson J, Lavoie A, O’Connor M, Bhorade S, PohlmanA, Hall JB. The incidence and pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary deterioration after abrupt withdrawal of inhaled nitricoxide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161 (5): 1443-9.doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9806138

  153. Namachivayam P, Theilen U, Butt WW, Cooper SM, et al.Sildenafil prevents rebound pulmonary hypertension afterwithdrawal of nitric oxide in children. Am J Respir Crit CareMed 2006; 174 (9): 1042-7. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200605-694OC

  154. Kerbaul F, Rondelet B, Motte S, Fesler P, et al. Effects ofnorepinephrine and dobutamine on pressure load-inducedright ventricular failure. Crit Care Med 2004; 32 (4): 1035-40. doi: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000120052.77953.07

  155. Bednarczyk J, Strumpher J, Jacobsohn E. Inhaled milrinonefor pulmonary hypertension in high-risk cardiac surgery:silver bullet or just part of a broader management strategy?Can J Anaesth 2016; 63 (10): 1122-27. doi: 10.1007/s12630-016-0708-9

  156. Nielsen DV, Torp-Pedersen C, Skals RK, Gerds TA, et al.Intraoperative milrinone versus dobutamine in cardiacsurgery patients: a retrospective cohort study on mortality.Crit Care 2018; 22 (1): 51. doi: 10.1186/s13054-018-1969-1

  157. Fredholm M, Jörgensen K, Houltz E, Ricksten SE. Levosimendanor milrinone for right ventricular inotropic treatment?-A secondary analysis of a randomized trial. ActaAnaesthesiol Scand 2020; 64 (2): 193-201. doi: 10.1111/aas.13486

  158. Naeije R, Brimioulle S, Dewachter L. Biomechanics ofthe right ventricle in health and disease (2013 GroverConference series). Pulm Circ 2014; 4 (3): 395-406. doi:10.1086/677354

  159. Sugawara Y, Mizuno Y, Oku S, Goto T. Effects of vasopressinduring a pulmonary hypertensive crisis induced byacute hypoxia in a rat model of pulmonary hypertension.Br J Anaesth 2019; 122 (4): 437-47. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.01.014

  160. Zamanian RT, Haddad F, Doyle RL, Weinacker AB. Managementstrategies for patients with pulmonary hypertensionin the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2007; 35 (9): 2037-50. doi: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000280433.74246.9e

  161. Léopold V, Gayat E, Pirracchio R, Spinar J, et al. Epinephrineand short-term survival in cardiogenic shock: an individualdata meta-analysis of 2583 patients. Intensive Care Med2018; 44 (6): 847-56. doi: 10.1007/s00134-018-5222-9

  162. Chieffo A, Dudek D, Hassager C, Combes A, et al. JointEAPCI/ACVC expert consensus document on percutaneousventricular assist devices. Eur Heart J Acute CardiovascCare 2021; 10 (5): 570-83. doi: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuab015

  163. Geller BJ, Sinha SS, Kapur NK, Bakitas M, et al. AmericanHeart Association Acute Cardiac Care and General CardiologyCommittee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology;Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperativeand Resuscitation; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology andIntervention; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing;Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; and Councilon Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia. Escalating andDe-escalating Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Supportin Cardiogenic Shock: A Scientific Statement From theAmerican Heart Association. Circulation 2022; 146 (6):e50-68. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001076

  164. Kapur NK, Esposito ML, Bader Y, Morine KJet al. Mechanicalcirculatory support devices for acute right ventricularfailure. Circulation 2017; 136 (3): 314-26. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025290

  165. Anderson MB, Goldstein J, Milano C, Morris LD, et al. Benefitsof a novel percutaneous ventricular assist device forright heart failure: The prospective RECOVER RIGHT studyof the Impella RP device. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015; 34(12): 1549-60. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2015.08.018

  166. Hill GED, Traudt RJ, Durham LA, Pagel PS, Tawil JN. Successfultreatment of refractory status asthmaticus accompaniedby right ventricular dysfunction using a Protek duo tandemheart device. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33 (11):3085-89. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.03.031

  167. Abraham J, Blumer V, Burkhoff D, Pahuja M, et al. Heartfailure-related cardiogenic shock: pathophysiology, evaluationand management considerations: Review of heartfailure-related cardiogenic shock. J Card Fail 2021; 27 (10):1126-40. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2021.08.010

  168. Avriel A, Klement AH, Johnson SR, de Perrot M, GrantonJ. Impact of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction on lungtransplantation outcome in patients with pulmonary arterialhypertension. Am J Transplant 2017; 17 (10): 2705-11.doi: 10.1111/ajt.14352

  169. Møller JE, Sionis A, Aissaoui N, Ariza A, et al. Step by stepdaily management of short-term mechanical circulatorysupport for cardiogenic shock in adults in the intensivecardiac care unit: a clinical consensus statement of theAssociation for Acute CardioVascular Care of the EuropeanSociety of Cardiology SC, the European Societyof Intensive Care Medicine, the European branch ofthe Extracorporeal Life Support Organization, and theEuropean Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. EurHeart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2023; 12 (7): 475-85. doi:10.1093/ehjacc/zuad064

  170. Rosenzweig EB, Chicotka S, Bacchetta M. Right ventricularassist device use in ventricular failure due to pulmonaryarterial hypertension: Lessons learned. J Heart LungTransplant 2016; 35 (10): 1272-74. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2016.07.010

  171. Mazzeffi MA, Rao VK, Dodd OJ, Del Rio JM, et al. Intraoperativemanagement of adult patients on extracorporealmembrane oxygenation: an expert consensus statementfrom the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists,part II: intraoperative management and troubleshooting.Anesth Analg 2021; 133 (6): 1478-93. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005733

  172. 172.-Lazzeri C, Bonizzoli M, Cianchi G, Batacchi S, et al. Rightventricular dysfunction and Pre Implantation Vasopressorsin Refractory ARDS Supported by VV-ECMO. Heart LungCirc 2018; 27 (12): 1483-88. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2017.10.011

  173. Mullin CJ, Ventetuolo CE. Critical care management ofthe patient with pulmonary hypertension. Clin Chest Med2021; 42 (1): 155-65. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2020.11.009

  174. Aubron C, DePuydt J, Belon F, Bailey M, et al. Predictivefactors of bleeding events in adults undergoing extracorporealmembrane oxygenation. Ann Intensive Care 2016;6 (1): 97. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0196-7

  175. Grant C Jr, Richards JB, Frakes M, Cohen J, Wilcox SR.ECMO and right ventricular failure: review of the literature.J Intensive Care Med 2021; 36 (3): 352-60. doi:10.1177/0885066619900503

  176. Kon ZN, Bittle GJ, Pasrija C, Pham SM, et al. Venovenousversus venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenationfor adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndromerequiring precannulation hemodynamic support: A reviewof the ELSO Registry. Ann Thorac Surg 2017; 104 (2): 645-49. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.11.006

  177. Keebler ME, Haddad EV, Choi CW, McGrane S, et al. Venoarterialextracorporeal membrane oxygenation in cardiogenicshock. JACC Heart Fail 2018; 6 (6): 503-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2017.11.017

  178. Pilkington SA, Taboada D, Martinez G. Pulmonary hypertensionand its management in patients undergoingnon-cardiac surgery. Anaesthesia 2015; 70 (1): 56-70. doi:10.1111/anae.12831

  179. Pineton de Chambrun M, Bréchot N, Combes A. Venoarterialextracorporeal membrane oxygenation in cardiogenicshock: indications, mode of operation, and currentevidence. Curr Opin Crit Care 2019; 25 (4): 397-402. doi:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000627

  180. Schrage B, Becher PM, Bernhardt A, Bezerra H, et al. Leftventricular unloading is associated with lower mortalityin patients with cardiogenic shock treated with venoarterialextracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Resultsfrom an international, multicenter cohort study. Circulation2020; 142 (22): 2095-106. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048792

  181. Ford EG, Atkinson JB. Augmented venous access in theproblematic ECMO patient: a case report. J Pediatr Surg1992; 27 (4): 527-8. doi: 10.1016/0022-3468(92)90356-c

  182. Ius F, Sommer W, Tudorache I, Avsar M, et al. Veno-venoarterialextracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratoryfailure with severe haemodynamic impairment:technique and early outcomes. Interact Cardiovasc ThoracSurg 2015; 20 (6): 761-7. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivv035

  183. Camboni D, Philip A, Schmid C, Loforte A. Double, tripleand quadruple cannulation for veno-arterial extracorporealmembrane oxygenation support: is there a limit? Ann CardiothoracSurg 2019; 8 (1): 151-9. doi: 10.21037/acs.2019.01.03

  184. Falk L, Sallisalmi M, Lindholm JA, Lindfors M, et al. Differentialhypoxemia during venoarterial extracorporealmembrane oxygenation. Perfusion 2019; 34 (1_suppl):22-9. doi: 10.1177/0267659119830513

  185. Chung M, Shiloh AL, Carlese A. Monitoring of the adultpatient on venoarterial extracorporeal membraneoxygenation. Sci World J 2014; 2014: 393258. doi:10.1155/2014/393258

  186. Lindholm JA. Cannulation for veno-venous extracorporealmembrane oxygenation. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10 (Suppl 5):S606-612. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2018.03.101

  187. Jayaraman AL, Cormican D, Shah P, Ramakrishna H. Cannulationstrategies in adult veno-arterial and veno-venousextracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Techniques,limitations, and special considerations. Ann Card Anaesth2017; 20 (Supplement): S11-S18. doi: 10.4103/0971-9784.197791

  188. Takeda K, Garan AR, Topkara VK, Kirtane AJ, et al. Novelminimally invasive surgical approach using an externalventricular assist device and extracorporeal membraneoxygenation in refractory cardiogenic shock. Eur J CardiothoracSurg 2017; 51 (3): 591-6. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezw349

  189. Fuernau G, Desch S, de Waha-Thiele S, Eitel I, et al. Arteriallactate in cardiogenic shock: Prognostic value of clearanceversus single values. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2020; 13 (19):2208-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2020.06.037

  190. Subramaniam AV, Barsness GW, Vallabhajosyula S, VallabhajosyulaS. Complications of temporary percutaneousmechanical circulatory support for cardiogenic shock: Anappraisal of contemporary literature. Cardiol Ther 2019; 8(2): 211-28. doi: 10.1007/s40119-019-00152-8

  191. Wang H, Li D, Chen Y, Liu Z, et al. Shear-induced acquiredvon Willebrand syndrome: an accomplice of bleedingevents in adults on extracorporeal membrane oxygenationsupport. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10: 1159894. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1159894

  192. Tavazzi G, Alviar CL, Colombo CNJ, Dammassa V, et al. Howto unload the left ventricle during veno-arterial extracorporealmembrane oxygenation. Eur Heart J CardiovascImaging 2023; 24 (6): 696-8. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jead061

  193. Cheng V, Abdul-Aziz MH, Roberts JA, Shekar K. Optimisingdrug dosing in patients receiving extracorporeal membraneoxygenation. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10 (Suppl 5): S629-S641.doi: 10.21037/jtd.2017.09.154

  194. Peigh G, Cavarocchi N, Keith SW, Hirose H. Simple new riskscore model for adult cardiac extracorporeal membraneoxygenation: simple cardiac ECMO score. J Surg Res 2015;198 (2): 273-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.04.044

  195. Fujita K, Takeda K, Li B, Mauro C, et al. Combined therapyof ventricular assist device and membrane oxygenator forprofound acute cardiopulmonary failure. ASAIO J 2017; 63(6): 713-9. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000000563

  196. Lüsebrink E, Stremmel C, Stark K, Joskowiak D, et al. Updateon weaning from veno-arterial extracorporeal membraneoxygenation. J Clin Med 2020; 9 (4): 992. doi: 10.3390/jcm9040992

  197. Walley KR. Use of central venous oxygen saturation to guidetherapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184 (5): 514-20.doi: 10.1164/rccm.201010-1584CI

  198. Wink J, de Wilde RB, Wouters PF, van Dorp EL, et al Thoracicepidural anesthesia reduces right ventricular systolicfunction with maintained ventricular-pulmonary coupling.Circulation 2016; 134 (16): 1163-75. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022415

  199. Osman D, Ridel C, Ray P, Monnet X, et al. Cardiac fillingpressures are not appropriate to predict hemodynamicresponse to volume challenge. Crit Care Med 2007; 35 (1):64-8. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000249851.94101.4F

  200. De Backer D, Vincent JL. The pulmonary artery catheter:is it still alive? Curr Opin Crit Care 2018; 24 (3): 204-8. doi:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000502

  201. Couture EJ, Laferrière-Langlois P, Denault A. New developmentsin continuous hemodynamic monitoring of thecritically ill patient. Can J Cardiol 2023; 39 (4): 432-43. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2023.01.012

  202. Bandyopadhyay D, Lai C, Pulido JN, Restrepo-Jaramillo R,et al. Perioperative approach to precapillary pulmonary hypertensionin non-cardiac non-obstetric surgery. Eur RespirRev 2021; 30 (162): 210166. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0166-2021

  203. Ashes C, Roscoe A. Transesophageal echocardiography inthoracic anesthesia: pulmonary hypertension and rightventricular function. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2015; 28 (1):38-44. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000138

  204. Nyhan SM, Kolb TM, Steppan J. Anesthetic techniquesfor patients with pulmonary hypertension undergoingophthalmologic procedures: A case series. J Clin Anesth2021; 71: 110220. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2021.110220

  205. Gooding JM, Dimick AR, Tavakoli M, Corssen G. A physiologicanalysis of cardiopulmonary responses to ketamineanesthesia in noncardiac patients. Anesth Analg 1977; 56(6): 813-6.

  206. Schulte-Sasse U, Hess W, Tarnow J. Pulmonary vascularresponses to nitrous oxide in patients with normal andhigh pulmonary vascular resistance. Anesthesiology 1982;57 (1): 9-13. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198207000-00003

  207. Teong CY, Huang CC, Sun FJ. The haemodynamic responseto endotracheal intubation at different time of fentanylgiven during induction: A randomised controlled trial. SciRep 2020; 10 (1): 8829. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65711-9

  208. Olsson KM, Halank M, Egenlauf B, Fistera D, et al. Decompensatedright heart failure, intensive care and perioperativemanagement in patients with pulmonary hypertension:updated recommendations from the Cologne ConsensusConference 2018. Int J Cardiol 2018; 272S: 46-52. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.08.081

  209. Mekontso Dessap A. Frugal innovation for critical care.Intensive Care Med 2019; 45 (2): 252-4. doi: 10.1007/s00134-018-5391-6

  210. Gille J, Seyfarth HJ, Gerlach S, Malcharek M, et al. Perioperativeanesthesiological management of patients withpulmonary hypertension. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2012;2012: 356982. doi: 10.1155/2012/356982

  211. Lestar M, Gunnarsson L, Lagerstrand L, Wiklund P, Odeberg-Wernerman S. Hemodynamic perturbations duringrobot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in 45°Trendelenburg position. Anesth Analg 2011; 113 (5): 1069-75. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182075d1f

  212. Rush B, Biagioni BJ, Berger L, McDermid R. Mechanicalventilation outcomes in patients with pulmonary hypertensionin the United States: A national retrospective cohortanalysis. J Intensive Care Med 2017; 32 (10): 588-92. doi:10.1177/0885066616653926

  213. Hernández GD, Gorordo LA, Hernández M, Zamora SE, etal. Ventilación en posición prono en pacientes postoperadosde cirugía abdominal complicados con síndrome dedificultad respiratoria aguda: análisis de una cohorte. MedCrit 2019; 33 (5): 245-50. doi: 10.35366/89524

  214. Rush B, Biagioni BJ, Berger L, McDermid R. Mechanicalventilation outcomes in patients with pulmonary hypertensionin the United States: a national retrospective cohortanalysis. J Intensive Care Med 2017; 32 (10): 588-92. doi:10.1177/0885066616653926

  215. Lieberman JR, Cheng V, Cote MP. Pulmonary embolismrates following total hip arthroplasty with prophylacticanticoagulation: Some pulmonary emboli cannot beavoided. J Arthroplasty 2017; 32 (3): 980-6. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2016.09.006

  216. Roberts DH, Lepore JJ, Maroo A, Semigran MJ, Ginns LC.Oxygen therapy improves cardiac index and pulmonaryvascular resistance in patients with pulmonary hypertension.Chest 2001; 120 (5): 1547-55. doi: 10.1378/chest.120.5.1547

  217. McGlothlin D, Ivascu N, Heerdt PM. Anesthesia and pulmonaryhypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 55 (2):199-217. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2012.08.002

  218. Harjola VP, Parissis J, Brunner-La Rocca HP, ČelutkienėJ, et al. Comprehensive in-hospital monitoring in acuteheart failure: Applications for clinical practice and futuredirections for research. A statement from the Acute HeartFailure Committee of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) ofthe European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur J Heart Fail2018; 20 (7): 1081-99. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1204

  219. Léopold V, Gayat E, Pirracchio R, Spinar J, et al. Epinephrineand short-term survival in cardiogenic shock: an individualdata meta-analysis of 2583 patients. Intensive Care Med2018; 44 (6): 847-56. doi: 10.1007/s00134-018-5222-9

  220. Sztrymf B, Souza R, Bertoletti L, Jaïs X, et al. Prognosticfactors of acute heart failure in patients with pulmonaryarterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2010; 35 (6): 1286-93.doi: 10.1183/09031936.00070209

  221. Prondzinsky R, Unverzagt S, Lemm H, Wegener NA, etal. Interleukin-6, -7, -8 and -10 predict outcome in acutemyocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock.Clin Res Cardiol 2012; 101 (5): 375-84. doi: 10.1007/s00392-011-0403-3

  222. Sundaram V, Fang JC. Gastrointestinal and liver issues inheart failure. Circulation 2016; 133 (17): 1696-703. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020894

  223. Ranchoux B, Bigorgne A, Hautefort A, Girerd B, et al. Gutlungconnection in pulmonary arterial hypertension. AmJ Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56 (3): 402-5. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0404LE

  224. Boucly A, O’Connell C, Savale L, O’Callaghan DS, et al.Tunnelled central venous line-associated infections in patientswith pulmonary arterial hypertension treated withintravenous prostacyclin. Presse Med 2016; 45 (1): 20-8.doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2015.10.001

  225. Condliffe R, Kiely D. Critical care management of pulmonaryhypertension. BJA Education 2017; 17: 228-34. doi:10.1093/bjaed/mkw074

  226. Kohsaka S, Menon V, Lowe AM, Lange M, et al. SHOCKInvestigators. Systemic inflammatory response syndromeafter acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenicshock. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165 (14): 1643-50.doi: 10.1001/archinte.165.14.1643

  227. Gaudino M, Di Franco A, Rong LQ, Piccini J, Mack M.Postoperative atrial fibrillation: from mechanisms to treatment.Eur Heart J 2023; 44 (12): 1020-39. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad019

  228. Chyou JY, Barkoudah E, Dukes JW, Goldstein LB, et al. AmericanHeart Association Acute Cardiac Care and General CardiologyCommittee, Electrocardiography and ArrhythmiasCommittee, and Clinical Pharmacology Committee of theCouncil on Clinical Cardiology; Council on CardiovascularSurgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiopulmonary,Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation; Council onCardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Stroke Council.Atrial Fibrillation Occurring During Acute Hospitalization:A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association.Circulation 2023; 147 (15): e676-e698. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001133

  229. Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, Arbelo E, et al. ESCScientific Document Group. 2020 ESC Guidelines for thediagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developedin collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosisand management of atrial fibrillation of the EuropeanSociety of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the specialcontribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association(EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2021; 42 (5): 373-498. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612

  230. January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, Chen LY, et al.2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRSGuideline for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation:A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical PracticeGuidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol2019; 74 (1): 104-132. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.011

  231. Olsson KM, Nickel NP, Tongers J, Hoeper MM. Atrial flutterand fibrillation in patients with pulmonary hypertension.Int J Cardiol 2013; 167 (5): 2300-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.06.024

  232. Edmonston DL, Parikh KS, Rajagopal S, Shaw LK, et al.Pulmonary hypertension subtypes and mortality in CKD.Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 75 (5): 713-24. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.08.027

  233. Marenzi G, Assanelli E, Campodonico J, De Metrio M,et al. Acute kidney injury in ST-segment elevation acutemyocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shockat admission. Crit Care Med 2010; 38 (2): 438-44. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b9eb3b

  234. Kruthiventi SC, Kane GC, Sprung J, Weingarten TN, WarnerME. Postoperative pulmonary complications in contemporarycohort of patients with pulmonary hypertension.Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2019; 19 (4): 392-9. doi: 10.17305/bjbms.2019.4332

  235. Bauchmuller K, Condliffe R, Southern J, Billings C etal. Critical care outcomes in patients with pre-existingpulmonary hypertension: insights from the ASPIREregistry. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7 (2): 00046-2021. doi:10.1183/23120541.00046-2021

  236. 236.-Jäntti T, Tarvasmäki T, Harjola VP, Parissis J, et al. Frequencyand prognostic significance of abnormal liver functiontests in patients with cardiogenic shock. Am J Cardiol2017; 120 (7): 1090-7.doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.06.049

  237. 237.-Jung C, Fuernau G, Eitel I, Desch S, et al. Incidence,laboratory detection and prognostic relevance of hypoxichepatitis in cardiogenic shock. Clin Res Cardiol 2017; 106(5): 341-9.doi: 10.1007/s00392-016-1060-3

  238. 238.-Fuhrmann V, Kneidinger N, Herkner H, Heinz G, et al.Hypoxic hepatitis: underlying conditions and risk factorsfor mortality in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med2009; 35 (8): 1397-1405. doi: 10.1007/s00134-009-1508-2

  239. Thoegersen M, Josiassen J, Helgestad OK, Berg Ravn H,et al. The association of diabetes and admission bloodglucose with 30-day mortality in patients with acute myocardialinfarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. EurHeart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2020; 9 (6): 626-35. doi:10.1177/2048872620925265

  240. Chen F, Hanaoka N, Hasegawa S, Fujinaga Tet al. Rightventricular outflow tract obstruction after bilateral lungtransplantation. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 57 (1): 48-50. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1038638

  241. Lemiale V, Dumas F, Mongardon N, Giovanetti O, et al.Intensive care unit mortality after cardiac arrest: the relativecontribution of shock and brain injury in a large cohort.Intensive Care Med 2013; 39 (11): 1972-80. doi: 10.1007/s00134-013-3043-4

  242. Hoeper MM, Galié N, Murali S, Olschewski H, et al. Outcomeafter cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients withpulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med2002; 165 (3): 341-4. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.165.3.200109-0130c

  243. Grand J, Schiele F, Hassager C, Nolan JP, et al. Quality indicatorsfor post-resuscitation care after out-of-hospital cardiacarrest: a joint statement from the Association for AcuteCardiovascular Care of the European Society of Cardiology,the European Resuscitation Council, the European Societyof Intensive Care Medicine, and the European Society forEmergency Medicine. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care2023; 12 (3): 197-210. doi: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuad006

  244. Fordyce CB, Kramer AH, Ainsworth C, Christenson J, etal. Neuroprognostication in the post cardiac arrest patient:A Canadian Cardiovascular Society Position Statement.Can J Cardiol 2023; 39 (4): 366-80. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.12.014

  245. Schrage B, Rübsamen N, Becher PM, Roedl K, et al. Neuronspecific-enolase as a predictor of the neurologic outcomeafter cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients on ECMO.Resuscitation 2019; 136: 14-20. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.01.011

  246. Grant JK, Vincent L, Ebner B, Singh H, et al. In-hospital utilizationand outcomes of palliative care consultation in patientswith advanced heart failure complicated by cardiogenicshock requiring mechanical circulatory support. Am J Cardiol2021; 148: 94-101. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.02.024

  247. Altschul E, Remy-Jardin M, Machnicki S, Sulica R, et al.Imaging of pulmonary hypertension: pictorial essay. Chest2019; 156 (2): 211-27. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.04.003

  248. Zeymer U, Bueno H, Granger CB, Hochman J, et al. AcuteCardiovascular Care Association position statement for thediagnosis and treatment of patients with acute myocardialinfarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: A document ofthe Acute Cardiovascular Care Association of the EuropeanSociety of Cardiology. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care2020; 9 (2): 183-197. doi: 10.1177/2048872619894254

  249. Yao YT, He LX, Fang NX, Ma J. Anesthetic induction withetomidate in cardiac surgical patients: a PRISMA-compliantsystematic review and meta-analysis. J CardiothoracVasc Anesth 2021; 35 (4): 1073-1085. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.11.068

  250. Kerbaul F, Bellezza M, Mekkaoui C, Feier H, et al. Sevofluranealters right ventricular performance but not pulmonaryvascular resistance in acutely instrumented anesthetizedpigs. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2006; 20: 209-16.

  251. Bonderman D, Wexberg P, Martischnig AM, Heinzl H, et al.A noninvasive algorithm to exclude pre-capillary pulmonaryhypertension. Eur Respir J 2011; 37 (5): 1096-1103. doi:10.1183/09031936.00089610




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com