medigraphic.com
SPANISH

Medicina Interna de México

Colegio de Medicina Interna de México.
  • Contents
  • View Archive
  • Information
    • General Information        
    • Directory
  • Publish
    • Instructions for authors        
  • medigraphic.com
    • Home
    • Journals index            
    • Register / Login
  • Mi perfil

2025, Number 02

<< Back Next >>

Med Int Mex 2025; 41 (02)

Position of the Mexican Society of Cardiology regarding the indication of fibrates

Pavía LAA, Garnica CJC, Cruz BI, Díaz AA, Lavalle GFJ, Ahumada AM, Zubirán SR, Moreno AAB, Cossío AJE, De los Ríos IMO, Alcocer GMA, López DE, Ezquerra OA, Aldrete VJ, Roque SY
Full text How to cite this article

Language: Spanish
References: 158
Page: 78-120
PDF size: 568.60 Kb.


Key words:

Fibrates, Cardiovascular risk, Hypertriglyceridemia, Hyperlipidemia, Diabetes mellitus Type 2, Metabolic syndrome, Ischemic heart disease.

ABSTRACT

Objective: To present the position of the Mexican Society of Cardiology regarding the indication of fibrates in patients with mixed dyslipidemia, based on the best available evidence and consensus among specialists. To provide recommendations for their optimal indication as an adjunct treatment to statins to reduce cardiovascular risk.
Materials and Methods: A review of the evidence according to international standards was performed using Medline, PubMed, and Cochrane databases with specific MeSH terms. The expert group identified 15 relevant clinical questions for discussion in virtual meetings and by consensus using the modified Delphi panel method to define the recommendations included in this review.
Results: Fibrates are indicated for the treatment of patients with isolated hypertriglyceridemia and mixed hyperlipidemia, with type 2 diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome, with dyslipidemia and a history of ischemic heart disease, with baseline non-HDL-C levels greater than 200 mg/dL, and with no cardiovascular history; treatment with fibrates is associated with a reduction in the incidence of coronary events and non-fatal myocardial infarction.
Conclusions: Although fibrates have been shown to be useful in various clinical contexts, the recommendations contained herein are not absolute and do not replace the independent clinical judgment of each physician, nor do they take precedence over the individual circumstances of each patient.


REFERENCES

  1. Rivera-Paredez B, Aparicio-Bautista DI, Argoty-PantojaAD, et al. Association of MARC1, ADCY5, and BCO1 variantswith the lipid profile, suggests an additive effect forhypertriglyceridemia in Mexican adult men. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23 (19). https: //doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911815

  2. Escobedo-De La Peña J, De Jesús-Pérez R, Schargrodsky H,Champagne B. Prevalencia de dislipidemias en la ciudadde México y su asociación con otros factores de riesgocardiovascular. Resultados del estudio CARMELA. Gac MedMex 2014; 150: 128-164.

  3. Morales-Villegas EC, Yarleque C, Almeida ML. Managementof hypertension and dyslipidemia in Mexico: evidence,gaps, and approach. Arch Cardiol Mex 2023; 93 (1): 77-87.https: //doi.org/10.24875/ACM.21000330

  4. Ray KK, Ference BA, Séverin T, et al. World Heart FederationCholesterol Roadmap 2022. Glob Heart. 2022; 17 (1).https: //doi.org/10.5334/GH.1154

  5. Pavía-López AA, Alcocer-Gamba MA, Ruiz-Gastelum ED, etal. Mexican clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis andtreatment of dyslipidemias and atherosclerotic cardiovasculardisease. Arch Cardiol Mex 2022; 92: 1-62. https: //doi.org/10.24875/ACM.M22000081

  6. Escamilla-Núñez MC, Castro-Porras L, Romero-MartínezM, Zárate-Rojas E, Rojas-Martínez R. Screening, previousdiagnosis, and treatment of chronic non-communicablediseases in Mexican adults. Ensanut 2022. Salud PublicaMex 2023; 65. https: //doi.org/10.21149/14726

  7. Rivas-Gomez B, Almeda-Valdés P, Tusié-Luna MT, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Dyslipidemia in Mexico, a call for action. Revistade Investigacion Clinica. 2018; 70 (5): 211-216. https: //doi.org/10.24875/RIC.18002573

  8. Perez-Robles M, Campos-Perez W, Torres-Vanegas J,Rodriguez-Reyes SC, Rivera-Valdés JJ, Martínez-Lopez E.Abdominal Obesity, Excessive Adiposity, and the Taq1BCETP Variant Are Positively Associated with Serum LipidLevels in Mexican Women. Lifestyle Genom. 2023; 16 (1):83-89. https: //doi.org/10.1159/000529053

  9. Gasca-Pineda R, Osorio-Hernández M, Mehta R, Escobedo-De-la-peña J, Narváez-Oriani CA. Economic burden ofhypercholesterolemia in high risk of cardiovascular diseasepopulation in Mexico. Arch Cardiol Mex 2023; 93 (3): 328-335. https: //doi.org/10.24875/ACM.22000195

  10. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. ENSANUT 2012- ResultadosNacionales. Published online 2012. https://ensanut.insp.mx/encuestas/ensanut2012/doctos/informes/ENSANUT2012ResultadosNacionales.pdf

  11. Hernández-Alcaraz C, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Mendoza-HerreraK, et al. Dyslipidemia prevalence, awareness, treatmentand control in Mexico: results of the Ensanut 2012.Salud Publica Mex 2020; 62 (2): 137-146. https: //doi.org/10.21149/10520

  12. Carmena R. Primary mixed dyslipidemias. In: Encyclopediaof Endocrine Diseases. Elsevier; 2018: 314-319. https: //doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.65333-3

  13. Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelinesfor the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modificationto reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J 2020; 41(1): 111-188. https: //doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455

  14. Zubirán R, Vargas-Vazquez A, Olvera FDR, et al. Performanceof the enhanced Sampson-NIH equation for VLDL-Cand LDL-C in a population with familial combined hyperlipidemia.Atherosclerosis. 2023; 386: 117364. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117364

  15. Pedro-Botet J, Climent E, Gabarró N, Millán J Familial combinedhyperlipidaemia/polygenic mixed hyperlipidaemia.Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis. 2021; 33: 43-49.https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2020.12.013

  16. Gill PK, Hegele RA. Familial combined hyperlipidemia is apolygenic trait. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2022; 33 (2): 126-132.https: //doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0000000000000796

  17. Bucholz EM, Rodday AM, Kolor K, Khoury MJ, De Ferranti SD.Prevalence and predictors of cholesterol screening, awareness,and statin treatment among US adults with familialhypercholesterolemia or other forms of severe dyslipidemia(1999-2014). Circulation. 2018; 137 (21): 2218-2230. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032321

  18. Taghizadeh E, Esfehani RJ, Sahebkar A, et al. Familial combinedhyperlipidemia: An overview of the underlying molecularmechanisms and therapeutic strategies. IUBMB Life.2019; 71 (9): 1221-1229. https: //doi.org/10.1002/iub.2073

  19. Vikulova DN, Trinder M, Mancini GBJ, Pimstone SN, BrunhamLR. Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Familial CombinedHyperlipidemia, and Elevated Lipoprotein (a) in PatientsWith Premature Coronary Artery Disease. Canadian Journalof Cardiology. 2021; 37 (11): 1733-1742. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2021.08.012

  20. Dron JS. The clinical utility of polygenic risk scores forcombined hyperlipidemia. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2023; 34 (2):44-51. https: //doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0000000000000865

  21. Dron JS, Hegele RA. Genetics of Hypertriglyceridemia. FrontEndocrinol (Lausanne). 2020; 11. https: //doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00455

  22. Aguilar-Salinas C, Gómez-Díaz R, María Y, Tusié-Luna T,Carlos A, Aguilar S. Cincuenta Años de Estudio de LasHiperlipidemias Primarias: El Caso de La HiperlipidemiaFamiliar Combinada. Vol 51.; 2010.

  23. Paquette M, Bernard S, Baass A. DysbetalipoproteinemiaIs Associated With Increased Risk of Coronary and PeripheralVascular Disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinologyand Metabolism. 2023; 108 (1): 184-190. https: //doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac503

  24. Cenarro A, Bea AM, Gracia-Rubio I, Civeira F. Dysbetalipoproteinemiaand other lipid abnormalities related to apo E.Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis. 2021; 33: 50-55.https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2021.01.002

  25. Pallazola VA, Sathiyakumar V, Park J, et al. Modern prevalenceof dysbetalipoproteinemia (fredrickson-levy-leestype III hyperlipoproteinemia). Archives of Medical Science.2019; 16 (5): 993-1003. https: //doi.org/10.5114/AOMS.2019.86972

  26. Paquette M, Bernard S, Blank D, Paré G, Baass A. A simplifieddiagnosis algorithm for dysbetalipoproteinemia. J ClinLipidol. 2020; 14 (4): 431-437. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2020.06.004

  27. Berberich AJ, Hegele RA. A Modern Approach to Dyslipidemia.Endocr Rev. 2022; 43 (4): 611-653. https: //doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnab037

  28. Lahoz C, Mostaza JM. Familial hypertriglyceridemia/polygenichypertrigliceridemia. Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis.2021; 33: 37-42. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2020.12.014

  29. Cruz-Bautista I, Huerta-Chagoya A, Moreno-Macías H, etal. Familial hypertriglyceridemia: an entity with distinguishablefeatures from other causes of hypertriglyceridemia.Lipids Health Dis. 2021; 20 (1). https: //doi.org/10.1186/s12944-021-01436-6

  30. Björnson E, Adiels M, Taskinen MR, et al. Triglyceride-richlipoprotein remnants, low-density lipoproteins, and riskof coronary heart disease: a UK Biobank study. Eur HeartJ 2023; 44 (39): 4186-4195. https: //doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad337

  31. Das Pradhan A, Glynn RJ, Fruchart JC, et al. TriglycerideLowering with Pemafibrate to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk.New England Journal of Medicine. 2022; 387 (21): 1923-1934. https: //doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2210645

  32. Sandesara PB, Virani SS, Fazio S, Shapiro MD. The ForgottenLipids: Triglycerides, Remnant Cholesterol, and AtheroscleroticCardiovascular Disease Risk. Endocr Rev. 2019; 40 (2):537-557. https: //doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00184

  33. Perera SD, Wang J, McIntyre AD, Dron JS, Hegele RA. Thelongitudinal triglyceride phenotype in heterozygotes withLPL pathogenic variants. J Clin Lipidol. 2023; 17 (1): 87-93.https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2022.11.007

  34. Foro de Dislipidemia Aterogénica. Consenso multidisciplinarsobre dislipidemia aterogénica. Clínica e Investigaciónen Arteriosclerosis. 2013; 25 (2): 83-91. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2013.03.001

  35. Cole J, Zubirán R, Wolska A, Jialal I, Remaley A. Use ofApolipoprotein B in the Era of Precision Medicine: Timefor a Paradigm Change? J Clin Med. 2023; 12 (17): 5737.https: //doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175737

  36. Sociedad Española de Médicos Generales y de Familia.Guía Clínica Para La Detección, Diagnóstico y Tratamientode La Dislipemia Aterogénica En Atención Primaria.; 2014.

  37. Ascaso JF, Millán J, Hernández-Mijares A, et al. AtherogenicDyslipidaemia 2019. Consensus document of the AtherogenicDyslipidaemia Group of the Spanish ArteriosclerosisSociety. Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis. 2020; 32(3): 120-125. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2019.11.004

  38. Berneis K, Jeanneret C, Muser J, Felix B, Miserez AR. Lowdensitylipoprotein size and subclasses are markers ofclinically apparent and non-apparent atherosclerosis intype 2 diabetes. Metabolism. 2005; 54 (2): 227-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2004.08.017

  39. SEC Working Group for the 2021 ESC guidelines on cardiovasculardisease prevention in clinical practice andSEC Guidelines Committee. Comments on the 2021 ESCguidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinicalpractice. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2022; 75 (5): 364-369. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2021.10.015

  40. Ginsberg HN, Packard CJ, Chapman MJ, et al. Triglyceriderichlipoproteins and their remnants: Metabolic insights,role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and emergingtherapeutic strategies-a consensus statement from theEuropean Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J 2021; 42 (47):4791-4806. https: //doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab551

  41. Cole J, Zubirán R, Wolska A, Jialal I, Remaley AT. Use ofApolipoprotein B in the Era of Precision Medicine: Timefor a Paradigm Change? J Clin Med. 2023; 12 (17). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175737

  42. Austin MA, Breslow JL, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, WillettWC, Krauss Affiliations PMID RM. Low-Density LipoproteinSubclass Patterns and Risk of Myocardial Infarction. Vol260.; 1988. https: //pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3418853/

  43. Jorba-Castany O, Ordóñez-Llanos J Heterogeneidad deLas Subfracciones de Las Lipoproteínas de Baja DensidadRevisión. Vol 18.; 2006.

  44. Sacks FM, Campos H. Cardiovascular endocrinology 4: Low-Density Lipoprotein Size and Cardiovascular Disease: A Reappraisal.Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003;88 (10): 4525-4532. https: //doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030636

  45. Carvajal Carvajal C. Los triglicéridos y la aterogénesis.Medicina Legal de Costa Rica. 2017; 34 (2).

  46. Pintó X, Fanlo M, Esteve V, et al. Remnant cholesterol,vascular risk, and prevention of atherosclerosis. Clinica eInvestigacion en Arteriosclerosis. 2023; 35 (4): 206-217.https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2023.02.001

  47. Mercedes Juan López D, Kuri Morales P, Rubén DuránFontes L, et al. Guía de Tratamiento Farmacológico de DislipidemiasPara El Primer Nivel de Atención. Vol 24.; 2013.http: //www.medigraphic.com/revmexcardiol

  48. Sniderman AD, Dufresne L, Pencina KM, Bilgic S, ThanassoulisG, Pencina MJ Discordance among apoB, non–highdensitylipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides: implicationsfor cardiovascular prevention. Eur Heart J 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehae258

  49. Mathew CT, Singh P. 7 Fibric acid antilipemic agents-StatPearls-NCBI bookshelf fibric acid antilipemic agents.https: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538508/

  50. Miller DB, Spence JD. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of FibricAcid Derivatives (Fibrates). Clin Pharmacokinet. Publishedonline 1998: 155-162. https: //doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199834020-00003

  51. Balendiran GK, Verma M, Perry E. Chemistory of Fibrates.Curr Chem Biol. 2008; 1 (3): 311-316. https: //doi.org/10.2174/187231307781662198

  52. McCullough PA, Di Loreto MJ Fibrates and cardiorenaloutcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012; 60 (20): 2072-2073.https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.06.058

  53. Gandhi N, Lenton R, Bhartia M, Abbas A, Raju J, RamachandranS. Effect of Fibrate Treatment on Liver Function Testsin Patients with the Metabolic Syndrome.; 2014. http: //www.springerplus.com/content/3/1/14

  54. Chukwurah MI, Miller M. Fibrates, hypertriglyceridemia,and CVD risk: where do we stand after the PROMINENTtrial for triglyceride lowering? Curr Cardiol Rep 2023; 25 (9):987-992. https: //doi.org/10.1007/s11886-023-01926-2

  55. Chapman MJ Review: Fibrates: therapeutic review. Br JDiabetes Vasc Dis. 2006; 6 (1): 11-19. https: //doi.org/10.1177/14746514060060010201

  56. Álvarez-López H, Ruiz-Gastélum E, Díaz-Aragón A. Tratamientoactual de la hipertrigliceridemia. Cardiovascularand Metabolic Science. 2021; 32 (S3): 242-246. https: //doi.org/10.35366/100805

  57. Dogra G, Irish A, Chan D, Watts G. A Randomized Trial ofthe Effect of Statin and Fibrate Therapy on Arterial Functionin CKD. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2007; 49(6): 776-785. https: //doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.03.003

  58. Ducobu J, Scheen A, Van Gaal L, Velkeniers B, Hermans M.Belgian expert opinion: how to reduce the residual risk inatherogenic dyslipidaemic patients: place of fibrates. ActaCardiol. 2008; 63 (2): 235-248. https: //doi.org/10.2143/AC.63.2.2029534

  59. Jacobo-Albavera L, Domínguez-Pérez M, Medina-Leyte DJ,González-Garrido A, Villarreal-Molina T. The role of the atpbindingcassette a1 (Abca1) in human disease. Int J Mol Sci.2021; 22 (4): 1-30. https: //doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041593

  60. Okopień B, Buldak L, Bołdys A. Fibrates in the managementof atherogenic dyslipidemia. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther.2017; 15 (12): 913-921. https: //doi.org/10.1080/14779072.2017.1408410

  61. Franco D, Henao Y, Monsalve M, Gutiérrez F, Hincapie J,Amariles P. Interacciones medicamentosas de agenteshipolipemiantes: Aproximación para establecer y valorarsu relevancia clínica. Revisión estructurada. Farmacia Hospitalaria.2013; 37 (6): 539-557. https: //doi.org/10.7399/FH.2013.37.6.1077

  62. Brea A, Millán J, Ascaso JF, et al. Fibrates therapy: Rationaluse fenofibrate 2016. Executive summary. Clinica e Investigacionen Arteriosclerosis. 2016; 28 (6): 295-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2016.06.001

  63. Brea A, Millán J, Ascaso JF, et al. Fibrates in primary preventionof cardiovascular disease. Comments on the results ofa systematic review of the Cochrane Collaboration. Clinicae Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis. 2018; 30 (4): 188-192.https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2018.04.002

  64. Rader DJ, Haffner SM. Role of Fibrates in the Managementof Hypertriglyceridemia. Vol 83.; 1999.

  65. University of Alberta D of CS& BSTMICD. Gemfibrozil.Published 2024. https: //go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01241

  66. University of Alberta. Departments of Computing Science& Biological Sciences; The Metabolomics Innovation CentreD. Fenofibrate. Published 2024. https: //go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01039

  67. COFEPRIS, Comisión de Autorización Sanitaria. ListadoActualizado de Medicamentos de Referencia 2023/02.;2023. https: //www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/869172/LMR_2023-02_actualizaci_n_18_octubre_2023.pdf

  68. European Medicines Agency. Questions and Answers onthe Review of Medicines Containing Fibrates.; 2012. www.ema.europa.eu

  69. Kraja AT, Province MA, Straka RJ, Ordovas JM, BoreckiIB, Arnett DK. Fenofibrate and Metabolic Syndrome HHSPublic Access. Vol 10.; 2010. http: //hp2010.nhlbihin.net/atpiii/calculator.asp

  70. Laguna Egea JC. Fibratos, accidentes cardiovascularesy estudio field: el día después. Clínica e Investigaciónen Arteriosclerosis. 2006; 18 (4): 146-154. https: //doi.org/10.1016/S0214-9168 (06)73679-8

  71. Oliver MF, Heady JA, Morris JN, et al. Principal Investigators-Investigators. The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh T Strasser,WHO. 1978; 40: 1966-1973.

  72. Buschiazzo H, Dorati C, Iusef Venturini N, et al. Medicamentosretirados en otros países por problemas de seguridad.Rev Fac Cienc Med Cordoba. 2022; 79 (3): 241-247. https://doi.org/10.31053/1853.0605.v79.n3.35443

  73. Tsimihodimos V, Miltiadous G, Daskalopoulou SS, MikhailidisDP, Elisaf MS. Fenofibrate: Metabolic and PleiotropicEffects.; 2005.

  74. Balakumar P, Rohilla A, Mahadevan N. Pleiotropic actionsof fenofibrate on the heart. Pharmacol Res. 2011; 63 (1):8-12. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2010.11.002

  75. Lee M, Saver JL, Towfighi A, Chow J, Ovbiagele B. Efficacyof fibrates for cardiovascular risk reduction in persons withatherogenic dyslipidemia: A meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis.2011; 217 (2): 492-498. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.020

  76. Abdul-Rahman T, Bukhari SMA, Herrera EC, et al. LipidLowering Therapy: An Era Beyond Statins. Curr ProblCardiol. 2022; 47 (12). https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101342

  77. Pulipati VP, Alenghat FJ The impact of lipid-loweringmedications on coronary artery plaque characteristics. AmJ Prev Cardiol. 2021; 8: 100294. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100294

  78. Takeuchi S, Takahashi Y, Asai S. Comparison of pleiotropiceffects of statins vs fibrates on laboratory parameters inpatients with dyslipidemia: A retrospective cohort study.Medicine (United States). 2020; 99 (50): E23427. https: //doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000023427

  79. Balakumar P, Sambathkumar R, Mahadevan N, et al. Moleculartargets of fenofibrate in the cardiovascular-renalaxis: A unifying perspective of its pleiotropic benefits. PharmacolRes. 2019; 144: 132-141. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2019.03.025

  80. Jun M, Foote MBBS C, Lv J, et al. Eff ects of fi brates oncardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and metaanalysis.The Lancet. 2010; 375: 1875-1884. https: //doi.org/10.1016/S0140

  81. Brea A, Millán J, Ascaso JF, et al. Los fibratos en la prevenciónprimaria de la enfermedad cardiovascular. Comentarios a losresultados de una revisión sistemática de la Colaboración Cochrane.Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis. 2018; 30(4): 188-192. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2018.04.002

  82. Blasco M, Ascaso JF. Control of the overall lipid profile.Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis. 2019; 31: 34-41.https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2019.10.002

  83. Di Angelantonio E, Kaptoge S, Wormser D, et al. Associationof Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity With Mortality.JAMA. 2015; 314 (1): 52. https: //doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.7008

  84. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Rönnemaa T, Pyörälä K, LaaksoM. Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease in Subjectswith Type 2 Diabetes and in Nondiabetic Subjects withand without Prior Myocardial Infarction. New EnglandJournal of Medicine. 1998; 339 (4): 229-234. https: //doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199807233390404

  85. Tomlinson B, Patil NG, Fok M, Lam CWK. Managing dyslipidemiain patients with Type 2 diabetes. Expert OpinPharmacother. 2021; 22 (16): 2221-2234. https: //doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2021.1912734

  86. Abushanab D, Al-Badriyeh D, Marquina C, et al. A SystematicReview of Cost-Effectiveness of Non-Statin Lipid-Lowering Drugs for Primary and Secondary Prevention ofCardiovascular Disease in Patients with Type 2 DiabetesMellitus. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023; 48 (8). https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101211

  87. Secchi-Nicolás NC, Lavalle-González FJ, Garnica-Cuellar JC,et al. Guía mexicana de práctica clínica para el diagnósticoy tratamiento en pacientes adultos con diabetes tipo2. Revista Mexicana de Endocrinología, Metabolismo yNutrición. 2024; 10 (92). https: //doi.org/10.24875/rme.m23000030

  88. Goldberg RB. Dyslipidemia in Diabetes: When and How toTreat? Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2022; 51 (3): 603-624. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2022.02.011

  89. Bahiru E, Hsiao R, Phillipson D, Watson KE. Mechanismsand Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Diabetes. https: //doi.org/10.1007/s11886-021-01455-w/Published

  90. Feria Díaz, Leyva Proenza, Rodríguez Reyes, RodríguezMoldóon, Rodríguez Duque. Dislipidemia en estados deresistencia a la insulina. Correo Científico Médico . Publishedonline 2019.

  91. Nguyen TT, Wong TY. Retinal vascular manifestations ofmetabolic disorders. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism.2006; 17 (7): 262-268. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2006.07.006

  92. Elmasry K, Ibrahim AS, Abdulmoneim S, Al-ShabraweyM. Bioactive lipids and pathological retinal angiogenesis.Br J Pharmacol. 2019; 176 (1): 93-109. https: //doi.org/10.1111/bph.14507

  93. Jenkins AJ, Grant MB, Busik J V. Lipids, hyperreflectivecrystalline deposits and diabetic retinopathy: potentialsystemic and retinal-specific effect of lipid-loweringtherapies. Diabetologia. 2022; 65 (4): 587-603. https: //doi.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05655-z

  94. Knickelbein JE, Abbott AB, Chew EY. Fenofibrate and DiabeticRetinopathy. Curr Diab Rep. 2016; 16 (10). https: //doi.org/10.1007/s11892-016-0786-7

  95. Nägele MP, Barthelmes J, Ludovici V, et al. Retinal microvasculardysfunction in hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol.2018; 12 (6): 1523-1531.e2. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2018.07.015

  96. Busik J V. Lipid metabolism dysregulation in diabetic retinopathy.J Lipid Res. 2021; 62. https: //doi.org/10.1194/JLR.TR120000981

  97. Czupryniak L, Joshi SR, Gogtay JA, Lopez M. Effect of micronizedfenofibrate on microvascular complications of type 2diabetes: a systematic review. Expert Opin Pharmacother.2016; 17 (11): 1463-1473. https: //doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2016.1195811

  98. Modjtahedi BS, Bose N, Papakostas TD, Morse L, VavvasDG, Kishan AU. Lipids and diabetic retinopathy. SeminOphthalmol. 2016; 31 (1-2): 10-18. https: //doi.org/10.3109/08820538.2015.1114869

  99. Ferré R, Aragonès G, Plana N, et al. High-density lipoproteincholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 levels strongly influencethe reactivity of small peripheral arteries. Atherosclerosis.2011; 216 (1): 115-119. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.01.039

  100. Patti AM, Giglio RV, Papanas N, Rizzo M, Rizvi AA. Futureperspectives of the pharmacological management ofdiabetic dyslipidemia. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2019;12 (2): 129-143. https: //doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2019.1567328

  101. Preiss D, Logue J, Sammons E, et al. Effect of Fenofibrateon Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy. NEJM Evidence.Published online June 21, 2024. https: //doi.org/10.1056/EVIDoa2400179

  102. Ding L, Cheng R, Hu Y, et al. Peroxisome proliferatore activatedreceptor a protects capillary pericytes in the retina.American Journal of Pathology. 2014; 184 (10): 2709-2720.https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.06.021

  103. Fu D, Yu JY, Connell AR, Hookham MB, Mcleese RH, LyonsTJ Effects of Modified Low-Density Lipoproteins and Fenofibrateon an Outer Blood-Retina Barrier Model: Implicationsfor Diabetic Retinopathy. Journal of Ocular Pharmacologyand Therapeutics. 2020; 36 (10): 754-764. https: //doi.org/10.1089/jop.2020.0068

  104. Kostapanos MS, Florentin M, Elisaf MS. Fenofibrate andthe kidney: An overview. Eur J Clin Invest. 2013; 43 (5):522-531. https: //doi.org/10.1111/eci.12068

  105. Dimmitt SB, Martin JH. Lipid and other management toimprove arterial disease and survival in end stage renaldisease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2017; 18 (4): 343-349.https: //doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2017.1285905

  106. Ansquer JC, Dalton RN, Caussé E, Crimet D, Le Malicot K,Foucher C. Effect of Fenofibrate on Kidney Function: A6-Week Randomized Crossover Trial in Healthy People.Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 51 (6): 904-913. https: //doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.01.014

  107. Emami F, Hariri A, Matinfar M, Nematbakhsh M. Fenofibrate-induced renal dysfunction, yes or no? Journal ofResearch in Medical Sciences. 2020; 25 (1). https: //doi.org/10.4103/jrms.JRMS_772_19

  108. Yamashita S, Masuda D, Matsuzawa Y. Pemafibrate, a NewSelective PPARα Modulator: Drug Concept and Its ClinicalApplications for Dyslipidemia and Metabolic Diseases. CurrAtheroscler Rep. 2020; 22 (1). https: //doi.org/10.1007/s11883-020-0823-5

  109. Yamashita S, Rizzo M, Su TC, Masuda D. Novel SelectivePPARα Modulator Pemafibrate for Dyslipidemia, NonalcoholicFatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), and Atherosclerosis†. Metabolites. 2023; 13 (5). https: //doi.org/10.3390/metabo13050626

  110. Hiukka A, Maranghi M, Matikainen N, Taskinen MR. PPARα:An emerging therapeutic target in diabetic microvasculardamage. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010; 6 (8): 454-463. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2010.89

  111. Wagner N, Wagner KD. Recent Insights into the Roleof PPARs in Disease. Cells. 2023; 12 (12). https: //doi.org/10.3390/cells12121572

  112. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. La Enfermedad RenalCrónica en México . Published August 2020. https: //www.insp.mx/avisos/5296-enfermedad-renal-cronica-mexico.html

  113. Udani SM, Bakris GL. Chronic kidney disease: Do fibratestruly preserve kidney function? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7 (3): 130-131. https: //doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2011.14

  114. Kouroumichakis I, Papanas N, Zarogoulidis P, Liakopoulos V,Maltezos E, Mikhailidis DP. Fibrates: Therapeutic potentialfor diabetic nephropathy? Eur J Intern Med. 2012; 23 (4):309-316. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2011.12.007

  115. Kaysen GA. Lipid-Lowering Therapy in CKD: Should WeUse It and in Which Patients. Blood Purif. 2017; 43 (1-3):196-199. https: //doi.org/10.1159/000452727

  116. Pontremoli R, Bellizzi V, Bianchi S, et al. Management ofdyslipidaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a positionpaper endorsed by the Italian Society of Nephrology.J Nephrol. 2020; 33 (3): 417-430. https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00707-2

  117. Pascual V, Serrano A, Pedro-Botet J, et al. Enfermedad renalcrónica y dislipidemia. Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis.2017; 29(1):22-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2016.07.004

  118. Cusi K, Isaacs S, Barb D, et al. American Association ofClinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for theDiagnosis and Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty LiverDisease in Primary Care and Endocrinology Clinical Settings.Endocrine Practice. 2022; 28(5):528-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eprac.2022.03.010

  119. Bernal-Reyes R, Icaza-Chávez ME, Chi-Cervera LA, et al.Prevalencia y características clínico-epidemiológicas deuna población mexicana con enfermedad del hígado grasoasociada a disfunción metabólica: un estudio en poblaciónabierta. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 2023; 88(3):199-207.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgmx.2021.09.002

  120. Santiago-Lagunes LM, Ríos-Gallardo PT, Perea-Martínez A,et al. Impacto de la dislipidemia en la enfermedad hepáticagrasa no alcohólica. Sal Jal. 2019; 6(2):116-120.

  121. Brea A MDMJ et al; G de U de L del R de H de la SE deArteriosclerosis. Hipertrigliceridemia, esteatosis hepáticay riesgo cardiovascular. . Clin Invest Arterioscl . 2011;23(2):72-77.

  122. Iqbal U, Perumpail B, John N, et al. Judicious Use of LipidLowering Agents in the Management of NAFLD. Diseases.2018; 6(4):87. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases6040087

  123. Vecera R, Poruba M, Hüttl M, et al. Beneficial Effect ofFenofibrate and Silymarin on Hepatic Steatosis and GeneExpression of Lipogenic and Cytochrome P450 Enzymesin Non-Obese Hereditary Hypertriglyceridemic Rats.Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2022; 44(5):1889-1900. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb44050129

  124. Fabbrini E, Mohammed BS, Korenblat KM, et al. Effect offenofibrate and niacin on intrahepatic triglyceride content,very low-density lipoprotein kinetics, and insulin actionin obese subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2010;95(6):2727-2735. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2622

  125. Kostapanos MS, Kei A, Elisaf MS. Current role of fenofibratein the prevention and management of non-alcoholic fattyliver disease. World J Hepatol. 2013; 5(9):470-478. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v5.i9.470

  126. Mahmoudi A, Jamialahmadi T, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A.Impact of fenofibrate on NAFLD/NASH: A genetic perspective.Drug Discov Today. 2022; 27(8):2363-2372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2022.05.007

  127. Tzanaki I, Agouridis AP, Kostapanos MS. Is there a role oflipid-lowering therapies in the management of fatty liverdisease? World J Hepatol. 2022; 14(1):119-139. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v14.i1.119

  128. Chanda D, Lee CH, Kim YH, et al. Fenofibrate differentiallyregulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene expressionvia adenosine monophosphate-activated proteinkinase-dependent induction of orphan nuclear receptorsmall heterodimer partner. Hepatology. 2009; 50(3):880-892. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23049

  129. Santisteban MM, Iadecola C, Carnevale D. Hypertension,Neurovascular Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment.Hypertension. 2023; 80(1):22-34. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.18085

  130. Williamson JD, Launer LJ, Bryan N, et al. Cognitive functionand brain structure in persons with type 2 diabetesmellitus after intensive lowering of blood pressure andlipid levels: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med.2014; 174(3):324-333. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13656

  131. Gómez Huelgas R, Díez-Espino J, Formiga F, et al. Tratamientode la diabetes tipo 2 en el paciente anciano.Med Clin (Barc). 2013; 140(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2012.10.003

  132. Launer LJ, Miller ME, Williamson JD, et al. Effects ofintensive glucose lowering on brain structure and functionin people with type 2 diabetes (ACCORD MIND):A randomised open-label substudy. Lancet Neurol.2011; 10(11):969-977. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70188-0

  133. Punthakee Z, Miller ME, Launer LJ, et al. Poor cognitivefunction and risk of severe hypoglycemia in type 2diabetes: Post hoc epidemiologic analysis of the ACCORDtrial. Diabetes Care. 2012; 35(4):787-793. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1855

  134. Cukierman T, Gerstein HC, Williamson JD. Cognitive declineand dementia in diabetes - Systematic overview ofprospective observational studies. Diabetologia. 2005;48(12):2460-2469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-005-0023-4

  135. Matar-Khalil SR, Rubio-Sandoval FC. El deterioro cognitivocomo una complicación de la Diabetes MellitusTipo 2. Nova. 2021; 19(37):25-41. https://doi.org/10.22490/24629448.5473

  136. Whitmer RA, Karter AJ, Yaffe K, Quesenberry CP, SelbyJ V. Hypoglycemic episodes and risk of dementia inolder patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA.2009; 301(15):1565-1572. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.460

  137. Ramanan S, Kooshki M, Zhao W, Hsu FC, Riddle DR,Robbins ME. The PPARα Agonist Fenofibrate PreservesHippocampal Neurogenesis and Inhibits Microglial ActivationAfter Whole-Brain Irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol BiolPhys. 2009; 75(3):870-877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.06.059

  138. Jicha GA, Kryscio RJ, Beech BF, et al. Modulation of microRNApathways by gemfibrozil in predementia Alzheimer disease:A randomized, placebo‐controlled, double blind clinicaltrial. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2019; 15(7S_Part_17).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.4682

  139. Barlaka E, Galatou E, Mellidis K, Ravingerova T, Lazou A.Role of Pleiotropic Properties of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in the Heart: Focus on the NonmetabolicEffects in Cardiac Protection. Cardiovasc Ther. 2016;34(1):37-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-5922.12166

  140. Laganà AS, Vitale SG, Nigro A, et al. Pleiotropic actions ofperoxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) indysregulated metabolic homeostasis, inflammation andcancer: Current evidence and future perspectives. Int J MolSci. 2016; 17(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17070999

  141. Esenboga K, Çiçek ÖF, Oktay AA, Aribal Ayral P, Gürlek A.Effect of fenofibrate on serum nitric oxide levels in patientswith hypertriglyceridemia. Advances in Clinical andExperimental Medicine. 2019; 28(7):931-936. https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/94161

  142. Alkhayyat SS, Al-kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, et al. Fenofibratefor COVID-19 and related complications as an approachto improve treatment outcomes: the missed key forHoly Grail. Inflammation Research. 2022; 71(10-11):1159-1167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-022-01615-w

  143. Ali FY, Armstrong PCJ, Dhanji ARA, et al. Antiplatelet actionsof statins and fibrates are mediated by PPARs. ArteriosclerThromb Vasc Biol. 2009; 29(5):706-711. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.183160

  144. Guixé-Muntet S, Biquard L, Szabo G, et al. Review article:vascular effects of PPARs in the context of NASH. AlimentPharmacol Ther. 2022; 56(2):209-223. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17046

  145. Mahmoudi A, Moallem SA, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A.Liver Protective Effect of Fenofibrate in NASH/NAFLDAnimal Models. PPAR Res. 2022; 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5805398

  146. Matwiejuk M, Mysliwiec H, Jakubowicz-Zalewska O,Chabowski A, Flisiak I. Effects of Hypolipidemic Drugson Psoriasis. Metabolites. 2023; 13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13040493

  147. Tuneu Valls LGMÁFLF. Guía de seguimiento farmacoterapéuticosobre dislipemias. Grupo de Investigaciónen Atención Farmacéutica (GIAF). Published online 2003.

  148. Davidson M. A Review of the Current Status of the Managementof Mixed Dyslipidemia Associated with DiabetesMellitus and Metabolic Syndrome. American Journal ofCardiology. 2008; 102(12 SUPPL.):19L-27L. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.09.071

  149. Davidson MH, Armani A, McKenney JM, Jacobson TA.Safety Considerations with Fibrate Therapy. Am J Cardiol.2007; 99(6):S3-S18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.11.016

  150. Leguizamón H. Creatinina sérica como marcador de lafunción renal. Conceptos básicos. Tasa de filtración glomerular.Urología Colombiana. 2014; 23(1):78-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0120-789X(14)50015-9

  151. Santos PG. Combinaciones de estatinas y fibratos: implicacionesfarmacocinéticas y clínicas. Clínica e Investigación enArteriosclerosis. 2014; 26:7-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0214-9168(14)70019-1

  152. Pu J, Romanelli R, Zhao B, et al. Dyslipidemia in SpecialEthnic Populations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2016;45(1):205-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2015.09.013

  153. Frank ATH, Zhao B, Jose PO, Azar KMJ, Fortmann SP,Palaniappan LP. Racial/ethnic differences in dyslipidemiapatterns. Circulation. 2014; 129(5):570-579. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005757

  154. Pavia A, Zamorano J, Sutradhar S, Yunis C. Changes incalculated coronary heart disease risk using proactivemultifactorial intervention versus continued usual care inLatin-American and non-Latin-American patients enrolledin the CRUCIAL trial. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012; 28(10):1667-1676. https://doi.org/10.1185/03007995.2012.725391

  155. Fernández-Friera L, Peñalvo JL, Fernández-Ortiz A, et al.Prevalence, Vascular Distribution, and MultiterritorialExtent of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in a Middle-AgedCohort. Circulation. 2015; 131(24):2104-2113. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014310

  156. 14156. Michaeli DT, Michaeli JC, Albers S, Boch T, Michaeli T. Establishedand Emerging Lipid-Lowering Drugs for Primary andSecondary Cardiovascular Prevention. American Journal ofCardiovascular Drugs. 2023; 23(5):477-495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-023-00594-5

  157. Marston NA, Giugliano RP, Im K, et al. Association BetweenTriglyceride Lowering and Reduction of Cardiovascular RiskAcross Multiple Lipid-Lowering Therapeutic Classes. Circulation2019; 140 (16): 1308-17. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041998

  158. Huston J, Schaffner H, Cox A, et al. A Critical review oficosapent ethyl in cardiovascular risk reduction. AJC2023; 23 (4): 393-406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-023-00583-8




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com

Mi perfil

C?MO CITAR (Vancouver)

Med Int Mex. 2025;41