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2022, Number 1

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Invest Medicoquir 2022; 14 (1)

Nanoparticles: general toxicity and immunotoxicity

Cueto GJ, Cuétara LE, Sánchez CT, Alonso DT, Reyes RE

Language: Spanish
References: 30
Page: 1-14
PDF size: 207.89 Kb.


ABSTRACT

The nanoparticles are currently among the widely studied nanomaterials. The characteristics of nanoparticles, their size, surface, load, stability and structure; determine its physico-chemical properties and its interaction with living matter. The objective of this review is to describe the state of the art in terms of evaluating the toxicity of nanoparticles. The mechanisms of toxicity after exposure to nanoparticles depend on the routes in which they can access the organism, the most important mechanism is the generation of ROS with the subsequent formation of oxidative stress in the tissues. It includes DNA damage, irregularity in cell signaling, changes in cell motility, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cancer initiation and promotion. The level of ROS generation depends on its chemical nature. There are not international guidelines for the characterization of nanomaterials. The great diversity of tests used in the published works constitutes one of the problems in the evaluation of possible toxicity, however there are in vivo and in vitro studies that allow evaluating cell viability, genotoxicity and immunmogenicity. Consensus and Standardized Operating Procedures are required to discuss results between the different groups that work on the subject.


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