medigraphic.com
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública

2025, Number 6

<< Back Next >>

salud publica mex 2025; 67 (6)

Prevalence of illicit and psychotropic drug use in Mexico, Ensanut Continua 2023

Sánchez-Pájaro A, Barrera-Núñez DA, Carnalla M, Mendoza-Alvarado LR, Robles-Soto N, Ledesma-Torres L, López-Olmedo N, Fleiz-Bautista C, Reynales-Shigematsu LM, Lazcano-Ponce E, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T

Language: Spanish
References: 34
Page: 777-784
PDF size: 273.73 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Objective. To estimate the prevalence of illicit drug use and non-medical use of psychotropic medications among the Mexican population in 2023. Materials and methods. We used data from the 2023 Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición Continua. We constructed indicators for lifetime and past-year use. Prevalence estimates were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Stratification was performed by age group, sex, and locality size. Results. The lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use was 14.1%. The most commonly used illicit drug was marijuana. The prevalence of non-medical use of psychotropic medications was 1.5%. Prevalence was higher among men and in urban areas. Conclusions. One in seven individuals has used an illicit drug at some point in their life. Past-year use has remained stable. The findings suggest an increase in experimental use, particularly among adolescents, young adults, and women.


REFERENCES

  1. World Health Organization. Neuroscience of psychoactive substanceuse and dependence. Ginebra: World Health Organization, 2004 [citadomarzo 10, 2025]. Disponible en: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/defaultsource/substance-use/neuroscience-e.pdf?sfvrsn=cc731fef_2

  2. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World Drug Report 2024.Viena: UNODC, 2024 [citado octubre 19, 2024]. Disponible en: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2024.html

  3. Seymour RB, Smith DE. Guide to psychoactive drugs. 1st ed. NuevaYork: Routledge, 2013. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203727195

  4. Danenberg E, Sorge LA, Wieniawski W, Elliott S, Amato L, ScholtenWK. Modernizing methodology for the WHO assessment of substancesfor the international drug control conventions. Drug Alcohol Depend.2013;131(3):75-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.032

  5. Degenhardt L, Whiteford HA, Ferrari AJ, Baxter AJ, Charlson FJ, HallWD, et al. Global burden of disease attributable to illicit drug use and dependence:findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet.2013;382(9904):1564-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61530-5

  6. Degenhardt L, Charlson F, Ferrari A, Santomauro D, Erskine H, Mantilla-Herrara A, et al. The global burden of disease attributable to alcoholand drug use in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematicanalysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Psychiatry.2018;5(12):987-1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30337-7

  7. Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional. Las drogas tradicionales y sintéticasen México. Prensa. México: Sedena, 2022 [citado octubre 19, 2024]. Disponibleen: https://www.gob.mx/defensa/prensa/las-drogas-tradicionales-ysinteticas-en-mexico?idiom=es

  8. Cruz-Cruz C, Yargeau V, Vidaña-Perez D, Schilmann A, Pineda MA,Lobato M, et al. Opioids, stimulants, and depressant drugs in fifteenMexican cities: a wastewater-based epidemiological study. Int J Drug Policy.2021;88:103027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103027

  9. Fleiz-Bautista C, Medina-Mora ME. Fentanyl and xylazine on theNorthern Border of Mexico: a new challenge for drug health policy. SaludMent. 2024;47(5):205-6. https://doi.org/10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2024.030

  10. Friedman J, Bourgois P, Godvin M, Chavez A, Pacheco L, Segovia LA, etal. The introduction of fentanyl on the US-Mexico border: an ethnographicaccount triangulated with drug checking data from Tijuana. Int J DrugPolicy. 2022;104:103678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103678

  11. Goodman-Meza D, Arredondo J, Slim S, Angulo L, González-Nieto P,Loera A, et al. Behavior change after fentanyl testing at a safe consumptionspace for women in Northern Mexico: a pilot study. Int J Drug Policy.2022;106:103745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103745

  12. Díaz-Menció S. Tendencias actuales de producción y consumo dedrogas ilícitas en México. Anu Mex Asun Glob. 2023;1(1):707-14. https://doi.org/10.59673/amag.v1i1.39

  13. Friedman JR, González-Montoya A, Ruiz C, González-Tejeda MA,Segovia LA, Godvin LE, et al. The detection of xylazine in Tijuana, Mexico:triangulating drug checking and clinical urine testing data. J Addict Med.2025. https://doi.org/10.1097/adm.0000000000001474

  14. Henson RM, Mullachery PH, Sánchez-Pájaro A, Cruz-Cruz C, Bilal U,Lamgellier B, et al. Spatial heterogeneity in fatal overdose rate trends inMexican cities: 2005-2021. Am J Public Health. 2024;114(7):705-13. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307650

  15. Roberts A, Rogers J, Mason R, Niroshan-Siriwardena A, Hogue T,Whitley GA, et al. Alcohol and other substance use during the COVID-19pandemic: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;229:109150.https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DRUGALCDEP.2021.109150

  16. Imtiaz S, Nafeh F, Russell C, Ali F, Elton-Marshall T, Rehm J. Theimpact of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on drugoverdose-related deaths in the United States and Canada: a systematicreview of observational studies and analysis of public health surveillancedata. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2021;16(1):87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-021-00423-5

  17. Botella-Juan L, Fernández-Suárez N, Marcos-Delgado A, Molina-de laTorre AJ, Fernández-Villa T. Impacto de la pandemia por la COVID-19 en elconsumo de cannabis en jóvenes y población general: una revisión sistemática.Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2023;97:33 [citado julio 14, 2024]. Disponible en:https://ojs.sanidad.gob.es/index.php/resp/article/view/179

  18. Schmidt RA, Genois R, Jin J, Vigo D, Rehm J, Rush B. The early impact ofCOVID-19 on the incidence, prevalence, and severity of alcohol use andother drugs: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;228:109065.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109065

  19. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Encuesta Nacional deAdicciones, 2002. México: Inegi, 2004 [citado julio 11, 2024]. Disponible en:https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/productos/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/historicos/1334/702825432355/702825432355_1.pdf

  20. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de PsiquiatríaRamón de la Fuentse Muñiz. Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones 2008. México:INSP, 2008 [citado enero 16, 2024]. Disponible en: https://encuestas.insp.mx/repositorio/encuestas/ENA2008/doctos/informes/ENA08_NACIONAL.pdf

  21. Villatoro-Velázquez J, Medina-Mora M, Fleiz-Bautista C, Téllez-RojoMM, Mendoza-Alvarado LR, Romero-Martínez M, et al. Encuesta Nacionalde Adicciones 2011: reporte de drogas. México: Instituto Nacional dePsiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, 2012 [citado enero 16, 2024].Disponible en: https://encuestas.insp.mx/repositorio/encuestas/ENA2011/doctos/informes/ENA2011_drogas_con_anexo.pdf

  22. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, InstitutoNacional de Salud Pública, Comisión Nacional contra las Adicciones, Secretaríade Salud, Villatoro-Velázquez J. Encuesta Nacional de Consumo deDrogas, Alcohol y Tabaco 2016-17: reporte de drogas. México: ComisiónNacional contra las Adicciones, 2017:448 [citado marzo 10, 2024]. Disponibleen: https://encuestas.insp.mx/repositorio/encuestas/ENCODAT2016/doctos/informes/reporte_encodat_drogas_2016_2017.pdf

  23. Romero-Martínez M, Cuevas-Nasu L, Gaona-Pineda EB, Shamah-LevyT. Nota técnica de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición Continua2023: resultados del trabajo de campo. Salud Publica Mex. 2024;66(3):304-6. https://doi.org/10.21149/15604

  24. Romero-Martínez M, Shamah-Levy T, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T,Cuevas-Nasu L, Bautista-Arredondo S, Colchero MA, et al. EncuestaNacional de Salud y Nutrición 2023: metodología y avances de la EnsanutContinua 2020-2024. Salud Publica Mex. 2023;65(4):394-401. https://doi.org/10.21149/15081

  25. Johnson TP. Sources of error in substance use prevalence surveys. IntSch Res Not. 2014;923290. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/923290

  26. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Guía de diseño de lamuestra para encuestas. Fase de diseño de la norma técnica del procesode producción de información estadística y geográfica. México: Inegi[citado noviembre 13, 2024]. Disponible en: https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/infraestructura/aseguramiento/doc/guia_de_diseno_de_la_muestra_para_encuestas.pdf

  27. Sánchez-Pájaro A, Barrera-Núñez D, López-Olmedo N, Carnalla M,Mendoza-Alvarado LR, Robles-Soto N, et al. Material suplementario: Prevalenciade indicadores básicos del uso de drogas ilícitas y medicamentospsicotrópicos en México: Ensanut Continua 2023. México: figshare, 2025[citado noviembre 13, 2024]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28335002.v1

  28. Sánchez-Pájaro A, Pérez-Ferrer C, Barrera-Núñez DA, CerdáM, Thrasher JF, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T. Municipal socioeconomicenvironment and recreational cannabis use in Mexico: analysis of twonationally representative surveys. Int J Drug Policy. 2025;136:104704.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104704

  29. Ramírez-Toscano Y, Canto-Osorio F, Carnalla M, Colchero MA,Reynales-Shigematsu LM, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T, et al. Patrones deconsumo de alcohol en adolescentes y adultos mexicanos: EnsanutContinua 2022. Salud Publica Mex. 2023;65:s75-83. https://doi.org/10.21149/14817

  30. Perlis TE, Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR, Arasteh K, Turner CF. Audiocomputerizedself-interviewing versus face-to-face interviewing forresearch data collection at drug abuse treatment programs. Addiction.2004;99(7):885-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00740.x

  31. Keyes KM, Rutherford C, Hamilton A, Barocas JA, Gelberg KH, MuellerPP, et al. What is the prevalence of and trend in opioid use disorder in theUnited States from 2010 to 2019? Using multiplier approaches to estimateprevalence for an unknown population size. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep.2022;3:100052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100052

  32. Castaños-Cervantes S, Vélez-Agosto NM. Psychosocial risk behaviorsin Mexican young women experiencing homelessness. Child Youth ServRev. 2018;95:235-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.10.041

  33. Marks C, Bouck Z, Jain S, Sun X, Strathdee SA, Vickerman P, et al. Theimpact of recent homelessness on the provision of injection drug useinitiation assistance among persons who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexicoand Vancouver, Canada. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;225:108829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108829

  34. Nevárez-Sida A, Constantino-Casas P, Castro-Ríos A. Socioeconomicfactors associated with drug consumption in prison population inMexico. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-33




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com