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Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán

2025, Number 3

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Rev Biomed 2025; 36 (3)

Environmentally Friendly Low-Temperature Synthesis of Black TiO2 Nanoparticles and Preliminary Cytotoxicity Evaluation in HEK-293T Cells

Ramírez-Herrera AD, Bretado-Aragón LA, Barbosa-Sabanero G, Alvarado-Caudillo Y, Salinas-Delgado YÁ, Ceja-Torres LF

Language: English
References: 35
Page: 76-86
PDF size: 353.85 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Introduction. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) finds use in various medical applications and devices. Its unique properties, particularly its band gap, play a key role in these applications. TiO2 is widely employed in biomedical contexts due to its capability to reflect and scatter UV radiation, as well as its antimicrobial properties.
Objective. This study aimed to present an ecofriendly, low-temperature, and rapid method for synthesizing black titanium dioxide nanoparticles (BTiO2NPs) and to evaluate their cytotoxicity in human embryonic kidney cells.
Methods. An aqueous medium, ascorbic acid, and titanium chloride (TiCl3) were utilized for the synthesis. Nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-Vis spectrometry. The cytotoxicity of BTiO2NPs was evaluated with the trypan blue exclusion and XTT assays.
Results. The obtained anatase had a crystallite size of under 10 nm, exhibiting a spherical morphology and oxygen-deficient surfaces. With excess TiCl3, an amorphous TiO2 phase could also form. The same synthesis without ascorbic acid yielded a rutile phase with a nanometric size. Over 80% viability was achieved in HEK-293T human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293 T, CRL-3216 ATCC) across all treatments; a minimal time- and concentrationdependent effect on cell viability and proliferation was noted, indicating low cytotoxicity.
Conclusion. Surface-modified TiO2 nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm were produced. They exhibited low cytotoxicity in human kidney cells (HEK-293T) while enhancing mitochondrial metabolism. Further studies are needed on this nanomaterial, which shows potential for biomedical applications.


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