Ambou FI, Osorio IL, Lastra PL, Ramos BL, Lora DK

Language: Spanish
References: 28
Page: 1-7
PDF size: 58.35 Kb.

ABSTRACT

Candidiasis is the most common cause of endogenous endophthalmitis. Ocular damage occurs within 3 and 15 days after fungemia. The two characteristic forms of presentation are Candida chorioretinitis, affecting the choroid and the retina with no clear impact on the vitreous, and Candida endophthalmitis, with the presence of rounded cottony vitreous lesions (vitreous pearls), characteristic of this infection. The most common early visual symptoms are blurred vision and floaters. It is thus recommended to perform funduscopy within the first two weeks after the candidemia diagnosis to prevent ocular complications and use the ocular damage as an indicator of probable invasive fungal infection. Amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and ravuconazole, as well as echinocandins, among them caspofungin, have proven useful in the treatment of chorioretinitis, but effectiveness is lower in vitreous damage cases when they are not associated to vitrectomy.

REFERENCES

1. Foster CS, Vitale AT. Diagnosis and Treatment of Uveitis. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2013.

2. Weissgold DJ, D'Amico DJ. Rare causes of endophthalmitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1996;36(3):163-77.

3. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Intraocular inflammation and uveitis. EE.UU.: American Academy of Ophthalmology (Basic and Clinical Science Course); 2014.

4. Donahue SP, Greven CM, Zuravleff JJ, Eller AW, Nguyen MH, Peacock JE Jr, et al. Intraocular candidiasis in patients with candidemia. Clinical implications derived from a prospective multicenter study. Ophthalmology. 1994;101(7):1302-9.

5. Martín Orte T. Candidiasis ocular. En: Díaz D, Méndez R, Benítez del Castillo JM. Actualización en el tratamiento de las uveítis. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Sociedad Española de Oftalmología; 2007. p. 195-9.

6. Sánchez M, Díaz-Llopiz M, Benítez del Castillo JM, Rodríguez MT. Manifestaciones oftalmológicas en enfermedades generales. LXXVII Ponencia Oficial de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología; 2001.

7. Okada AA, Johnson RP, Liles WC, D'Amico DJ, Baker AS. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis: report of a ten-year retrospective study. Ophthalmology. 1994;101(5):832-8.

8. Liang L, Lin X, Yu A, Lin A, Yuan Z, Yan Ke, Xue Bao. The clinical analysis of endogenous endophthalmitis. Eye Sci. 2004;20(3):144-8.

9. Pelegrín L, Cervera C, Mesquida M. Endoftalmitis endógenas fúngicas y bacterianas. En: Adán A, Rey A. Avances en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las infecciones intraoculares. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Oftalmología; 2012. p. 117-32.

10. Essman TF, Flynn HW, Smiddy WE, Brod RD, Murray TG, Davis JL, et al. Treatment outcomes in a 10 years study of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Ophthalmic Surg Laser. 1997;28(3):185-94.

11. Schiedler V, Scott IU, Flynn HW, Davis JL, Benz MS, Miller D. Culture-proven endogenous endophthalmitis: Clinical features and visual acuity outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137(4):725-31.

12. Pérez Blázquez E. Fondo de ojo en el paciente crítico no neutropénico: endoftalmitis candidiásica. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2006;23:16-9.

13. Krishna R, Amuh D, Lowder CY, Gordon SM, Adal KA, Hall G. Should all patients with candidaemia have an ophthalmic examination to rule out ocular candidiasis? Eye. 2000;14(19):30-4.

14. Tanaka M, Kobayashi Y, Takebayashi H, Kiyokawa M, Qiu H. Analysis of predisposing clinical and laboratory findings for the development of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. A retrospective 12-years study of 79 eyes of 46 patients. Retina. 2001;21(3):203-9.

15. Michal W, Olena W, Wojciech O. Bilateral endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Int Ophthalmol. 2014;34(2):321-5.

16. Clinch TE, Duker JS, Eagle RC, Calhoun JH, Augsburger JJ, Fischer DH. Infantile endogenous Candida endophthalmitis presenting as cataract. Surv Ophthalmol. 1989;34(2):107-12.

17. Shields JA, Shields CL, Eagle RC, et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis simulating retinoblastoma. The 1993 David and Mary Seslen Endowment Lecture. Retina. 1995;15:213-9.

18. Haskjold E, von der Lippe B. Endogenous Candida endophthalmitis. Report of two cases. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1987;65(6):741-4.

19. Brod RD, Flynn HW, Clarkson JG, et al. Endogenous Candida endophthalmitis: management without intravenous amphotericin B. Ophthalmology. 1990;97(5):666-74.

20. Daily MJ, Dickey JB, Packo KH. Endogenous Candida endophthalmitis after intravenous anesthesia with propofol. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109(8):1081-4.

21. Essman TF, Flynn HW, Smiddy WE, Brod RD, Murray TG, Davis JL, et al. Treatment outcomes in a 10-years study of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1997;28(3):185-94.

22. Wolfensberger TJ, Gonvers M. Bilateral endogenous Candida endophthalmitis. Retina. 1998;18(8):280-1.

23. Akler ME, Vellend H, McNeely DM, Walmsley SL, Gold WL. Use of fluconazole in the treatment of candidal endophthalmitis. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20(3):657-64.

24. Varma D, Thaker HR, Moss PJ, Wedgwood K, Innes JR. Use of voriconazole in Candida retinitis. Eye. 2005;19(4):485-7.

25. Motukupally SR, Nanapur VR, Chathoth KN, Murthy SI, Pappuru RR, Mallick A, et al. Ocular infections caused by Candida species: type of species, in vitro susceptibility and treatment outcome. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2015;33(4):538-46.

26. Elfiky N, Baldwin K. Brown Heroin-Associated Candida albicans ventriculitis and endophthalmitis treated with voriconazole. Case Rep Neurol. 2016;8(2):151-5.

27. Martínez-Vázquez C, Fernández-Ulloa J, Bordon J, Sopena B, de la Fuente J, Ocampo A, et al. Candida albicans endophthalmitis in brown heroin addicts: response to early vitrectomy preceded and followed by antifungal therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27(5):1130-3.

28. Sridhar J, Flynn HW, Kuriyan AE, Miller D, Albini T. Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis: risk factors, clinical features and treatment outcomes in mold and yeast infections. J Ophthal Inflamm Infect. 2013;3(1):60.