medigraphic.com
SPANISH

Salud Pública de México

Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública
  • Contents
  • View Archive
  • Information
    • General Information        
    • Directory
  • Publish
    • Instructions for authors        
  • medigraphic.com
    • Home
    • Journals index            
    • Register / Login
  • Mi perfil

2019, Number 4

<< Back Next >>

salud publica mex 2019; 61 (4)

Assessing illicit drugs in wastewater: a pilot study in Mexico

Cruz-Cruz C, Vidaña-Pérez D, Mondragón y Kalb M, Martínez-Ruiz MJ, Olaiz-Fernández G, Hernández-Lezama LF, Hernández-Ávila M, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T
Full text How to cite this article

Language: Spanish
References: 26
Page: 461-469
PDF size: 366.18 Kb.


Key words:

street drugs, epidemiology, wastewater, Mexico.

ABSTRACT

Objective. Monitor drug use through wastewater metabolite measurement. Materials and methods. Wastewater samples were obtained from 31 wastewater treatment plants and 95 sites with specific populations (38 schools, 42 units of addiction treatment and 15 penitentiaries). Using ultra high liquid chromatography, we measured nine metabolites from six drugs. Results. Eight out of nine drug metabolites were identified in the samples. Marijuana (THC-COOH), cocaine (benzoylecgonine) and methamphetamine were identified in schools, centers of addiction treatment and penitentiaries. Nuevo Laredo, Culiacan and Torreon had the highest consumption of cocaine, marijuana, amphetamine and methamphetamine. Conclusions. Monitoring drug use through wastewater is feasible in Mexico and could constitute a surveillance system to identify changes in the time.


REFERENCES

  1. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Comisión Nacional Contra las Adicciones, Secretaría de Salud. Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas, Alcohol y Tabaco 2016-2017: Reporte de Drogas. Ciudad de México, México: INPRFM, 2017 [citado 5 de febrero 2018]. Disponible en: https://www. gob.mx/salud%7Cconadic/acciones-y-programas/encuesta-nacional-deconsumo- de-drogas-alcohol-y-tabaco-encodat-2016-2017-136758

  2. Volkow ND, Poznyak V, Saxena S, Gerra G, UNODC-WHO Informal International Scientific Network. Drug use disorders: impact of a public health rather than a criminal justice approach. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(2):213-214. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20428

  3. Harrison L, Hughes A, eds. The Validity of Self- Reported Drug Use: Improving Accuracy of Survey Estimates Department of Health and Human Services. Rockville (MD): National Institute of Drug Abuse, 1997: 17-36 [citado marzo 2018]. Disponible en: https://archives.drugabuse.gov/sites/ default/files/monograph167_0.pdf

  4. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Handbook for surveys on drug use among the general population. Final report. EMCDDA project CT.99.EP.08 B. Lisbon: EMCDDA, 2002 [citado febrero 2018]. Disponible en: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/ 244/Handbook_for_surveys_on_drug_use_among_the_general_population_-_ 2002_106510.pdf

  5. Kolenikov S, Pitblado J. Analysis of Complex Health Survey Data. In: Johnson TP, ed. Handbook of health survey methods. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118594629.ch29

  6. Mounteney J, Griffiths P, Sedefov R, Noor A, Vicente J, Simon R. The drug situation in Europe: an overview of data available on illicit drugs and new psychoactive substances from European monitoring in 2015. Addiction. 2016;111(1):34-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13056

  7. Tourangeau R, Yan T. Sensitive questions in surveys. Psychol Bull. 2007;133(5):859-83. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.859

  8. Daughton CG, Jones-Lepp TL. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment. Scientific and Regulatory Issues. Symposium Series 791. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2001:348-64. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2001-0791

  9. Zuccato E, Chiabrando C, Castiglioni S, Bagnati R, Fanelli R. Estimating community drug abuse by wastewater analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(8):1027-32. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11022

  10. Thomas KV, Bijlsma L, Castiglioni S, Covaci A, Emke E, Grabic R, et al. Comparing illicit drug use in 19 European cities through sewage analysis. Sci Total Environ. 2012;432:432-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.069

  11. Yargeau V, Taylor B, Li H, Rodayan A, Metcalfe CD. Analysis of drugs of abuse in wastewater from two Canadian cities. Sci Total Environ. 2014;487:722-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.094

  12. Banta-Green CJ, Brewer AJ, Ort C, Helsel DR, Williams JR, Field JA. Using wastewater-based epidemiology to estimate drug consumption Statistical analyses and data presentation. Sci Total Environ. 2016;568:856- 63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.052

  13. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Assessing illicit drugs in wastewater: advances in wastewater-based drug epidemiology, Insights 22. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2016:17-40 [citado abril 2018]. Disponible en: http://www.emcdda.europa. eu/system/files/publications/2273/TDXD16022ENC_4.pdf

  14. Ort C, van Nujis AL, Berset JD, Bijlsma L, Castiglioni S, Covaci A, et al. Spatial differences and temporal changes in illicit drug use in Europe quantified by wastewater in Europe quantified by wastewater analysis. Addiction. 2014;109(8):1338-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12570

  15. Cruz C. Anexo_electronico_DI_AR. Harvard Dataverse, 2018. https:// doi.org/10.7910/DVN/BIJUDH

  16. Castiglioni S, Zuccato E, Crisci E, Chiabrando C, Fanelli R, Bagnati R. Identification and measurement of illicit drugs and their metabolites in urban wastewater by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 2006;78:8421-9. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac061095b

  17. European Commission Health and Consumer Protection Directorate- General. Guidance document on analytical quality control and validation procedures for pesticide residues analysis in food and feed (SANCO/ 12571/2013). Bruselas, Bélgica: Comisión Europea, 2013 [citado 10 de abril 2018]. Disponible en: http://www.eurl-pesticides.eu/library/docs/ allcrl/AqcGuidance_Sanco_2013_12571.pdf

  18. Postigo C, Lopez de Alda MJ, Barcelo D. Fully automated determination in the low nanogram per liter level of different classes of drugs of abuse in sewage water by on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatographyelectrospray- tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 2008;80:3123-34. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac702060j

  19. van Nuijs AL, Castiglioni S, Tarcomnicu I, Postigo C, Lopez de Alda M, Neels H, et al. Illicit drug consumption estimations derived from wastewater analysis: a critical review. Sci Total Environ. 2011;409(19):3564-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.05.030

  20. Morales ChS, Mejia CD, Gordillo MT. Mujeres y hombres en reclusión con consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Guía para el Tratamiento e Integración Social en Materia de Adicciones. Ciudad de México: Instituto para la Atención y Prevención de las Adicciones en la Ciudad de México, 2013:20-30 [citado mayo 2018]. Disponible en: http://201.161.17.101/ media/Documentos/07.01_Publicaciones%20IAPA/07.01.02_LIBROS/ 2013_07%20Gu%C3%ADa%20para%20el%20tratamiento%20e%20 integraci%C3%B3n%20social%20en%20materia%20de%20adicciones/ HyMen%20reclusionL.pdf

  21. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Comisión Nacional Contra las Adicciones, Secretaría de Salud. Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas en Estudiantes 2014: Reporte de Drogas. México DF, México: INPRFM, 2015 [citado 15 de enero 2018] Disponible en: http://www.conadic.salud.gob.mx/pdfs/investigacion/ENCODE_DROGAS_ 2014.pdf

  22. Zuccato E, Gracia-Lor E, Rousis NI, Parabiaghi A, Senta I, Riva F, et al. Illicit drug consumption in school populations measured by wastewater analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;178:285-290. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.030

  23. D’Ascenzo, G, Di CA, Gentili A, Mancini R, Mastropasqua R, Nazzari M, et al. Fate of natural estrogen conjugates in municipal sewage transport and treatment facilities. Sci. Total Environ. 2003;302:199-209. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00342-X

  24. Greenwood RG, Vrana B, eds. Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry. Amsterdam, Holland: Elsevier, 2007:171-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166- 526X(06)48008-9

  25. Postigo C, López de Alda M, Barceló D. Evaluation of drugs of abuse use and trends in a prison through wastewater analysis. Environment Int. 2011;37:49-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.06.012

  26. Brewer AJ, Banta-Green CJ, Ort C, Robel AE, Field J. Wastewater testing compared with random urinalyses for the surveillance of illicit drug use in prisons. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2016;35(2):133-7. https://doi. org/10.1111/dar.12185




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com

Mi perfil

C?MO CITAR (Vancouver)

salud publica mex. 2019;61