medigraphic.com
ISSN 2007-1523 (Electronic)
Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios

2017, Number 2

<< Back Next >>

Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios 2017; 8 (2)

Fast food intake and its influence on the production of N-acylethanolamines involved in the hunger-satiety cycle

Pastor-ZOA, Viveros-PJM

Language: Spanish
References: 78
Page: 171-184
PDF size: 572.73 Kb.


ABSTRACT

In recent years, as a result of a greater offer of ‘fast food’ (FF), an increase has been induced in the quantity and caloric content of the foods consumed. The aim of this work was to carry out a review of the investigations related to the effect of fatty acids (FA) on the hunger-satiety cycle. Long-chain saturated FA predominate in FF, which tend to increase appetite. However, the N-acylethanolamines that are synthesized minutes after food intake can modulate appetite or satiety levels. This is due to the ability to induce different hormones secretion involved in orexigenic or anorexigenic signals activation. In contrast, unsaturated FA can secrete anorexigenic hormones that induce satiety, such as omegas 3 and 9, so it would be advisable to increase their proportion in the FF production process. Therefore, it is concluded that the type of effect that FA have on hunger-satiety cycle depends, on the one hand, on the length of their chain and, on the other hand, on the number of unsaturations contained in them.


REFERENCES

  1. Adachi, S., Eguchi, A., Sakamoto, K., Asano, H., Manabe,Y., Matsumura, S., et al. (2014). Behavioral palatabi-lity of dietary fatty acids correlates with the intrace-llular calcium ion levels induced by the fatty acids inGPR120-expressing cells. Biomedical Research, 35(6), 357---367.http://dx.doi.org/10.2220/biomedres.35.357

  2. . Alvheim, A. R., Malde, M. K., Osei-Hyiaman, D., Hong, Y., Pawlosky,R. J., Madsen, L., et al. (2012). Dietary linoleic acid elevatesendogenous 2-AG and anandamide and induces obesity. Obesity,20(10), 1984---1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2012.38

  3. Alvheim, A. R., Torstensen, B. E., Hong, Y., Lillefosse, H. H., Lock,E. J., Madsen, L., et al. (2013). Dietary linoleic acid elevatesendogenous 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide in Atlan-tic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and mice, and induces weight gainand inflammation in mice. British Journal of Nutrition, 109,1508---1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512003364

  4. Alvheim, A. R., Torstensen, B. E., Lin, Y. H., Lillefosse, H. H., Lokc,E. J., Madsen, L., et al. (2014). Dietary linoleic acid eleva-tes the endocannabinoids 2-AG and anandamide and promotesweight gain in mice fed a low fat diet. Lipids, 49(1), 59---69.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-013-3842-y

  5. Artmann, A., Petersen, G., Hellgren, L. I., Boberg, J., Skonberg,C., Nellemann, C., et al. (2008). Influence of dietary fatty acidson endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine levels in rat brain,liver and small intestine. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1781,200---212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.01.006

  6. Avraham, Y., Katzhendler, J., Vorobeiv, L., Merchavia, S., Listman,C., Kunkes, E., et al. (2013). Novel acylethanolamide deri-vatives that modulate body weight through enhancement ofhypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and/or decreasedneuropeptide Y (NPY). Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 56(5),1811---1829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm300484d

  7. Balvers, M. G. J., Verhoeckx, K. C. M., Plastina, P., Wortelboer,H. M., Meijerink, J. y Witkamp, R. F. (2010). Docosahexae-noic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid are converted by 3T3-L1adipocytes to N-acyl ethanolamines with anti-inflammatory pro-perties. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1801(10), 1107---1114.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.06.006

  8. Barrado, E., Mayo, M. T., Tesedo, A., Romero, H. y de la Rosa,F. (2008). Composición grasa de diversos alimentos servidosen establecimientos de comida rápida. Nutrición Hospitalaria,23(2), 148---158.

  9. Barrado, E., Prieto, F., Sanz, M. A., Tesedo, A. y Romero, H. (2007).Estudio comparativo de la composición en ácidos grasos dediversos alimentos cocinados de forma casera y otros trata-dos industrialmente. Nutrición Clínica y Dietética Hospitalaria,27(1), 20---27.

  10. Borengasser, S. J., Rector, R. S., Uptergrove, G. M., Morris,E. M., Perfield, J. W., Booth, F. W., et al. (2012). Exer-cise and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementationfor the treatment of hepatic steatosis in hyperphagic OLETFrats. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2012, 268680.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/268680

  11. Bradshaw, H. B. y Walker, J. M. (2005). The expandingfield of cannabimimetic and related lipid mediators.British Journal of Pharmacology, 144(4), 459---465.http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706093

  12. Buckley, J. D. y Howe, P. R. C. (2009). Anti-obesityeffects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturatedfatty acids. Obesity Review, 10(6), 648---659.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X 2009 00584.x

  13. Calder, P. C. (2013). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acidsand inflammatory processes: Nutrition or pharmacology? Bri-tish Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 75(3), 645---662.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04374.x

  14. Calegari, V. C., Torsoni, A. S., Vanzela, E. C., Araú, E. P.,Morari, J., Zoppi, C. C., et al. (2011). Inflammation ofthe hypothalamus leads to defective pancreatic islet func-tion. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286(15), 12870---12880.http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.173021

  15. Cheng, L., Yu, Y., Szabo, A., Wu, Y., Wang, H., Camer, D.,et al. (2015). Palmitic acid induces central leptin resistance and impairs hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in malemice. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 26(5), 541---548.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.12.011

  16. Dapito, D. H., Mencin, A., Gwak, G. Y., Pradere, J. P., Jang, M. K.,Mederacke, I., et al. (2012). Promotion of hepatocellular carci-noma by the intestinal microbiota and TLR4. Cancer Cell, 21(4),504---516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.007

  17. Dazzi, L., Talani, G., Biggio, F., Utzeri, C., Lallai, V., Licheri, V.,et al. (2014). Involvement of the cannabinoid CB1 receptorin modulation of dopamine output in the prefrontal cor-tex associated with food restriction in rats. Plos One, 9(3.)http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092224

  18. Di Marzo, V., Verrijken, A., Hakkarainen, A., Petrosino, S., Mertens,I., Lundbom, N., et al. (2009). Role of insulin as a negative regu-lator of plasma endocannabinoid levels in obese and nonobesesubjects. European Journal of Endocrinology, 161(5), 715---722.http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/EJE-09-0643

  19. Díaz, F. J. y Franco, K. (2012). Desarrollo y validación inicial de laEscala Estimación y Consumo de Alimento (ECA). Revista Mexi-cana de Trastornos Alimentarios, 3(1), 38---44.

  20. Dinh C.H.L., Szabo A.M., Wang H., Yu Y. y Huang X. (2013). Cen-tral administration of palmitic acid increases food intake andbody temperature in male Sprague Dawley rats. Trabajo presen-tado en el World Diabetes Congress; 2013 Dic 2-6; Melbourne.Disponible en: http://ro.uow.edu.au/ihmri/576

  21. DiPatrizio, N. V. (2016). Endocannabinoids in the gut.Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 1(1), 67---77.http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0001

  22. DiPatrizio, N. V. y Piomelli, D. (2015). Intestinal lipid-derived signalsthat sense dietary fat. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 125(3),891---898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI76302

  23. Dore, R., Valenza, M., Wang, X., Rice, K. C., Sabino, V. y Cottone,P. (2014). The inverse agonist of CB1 receptor SR 141716 blockscompulsive eating of palatable food. Addiction Biology, 19(5),849---861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/adb.12056

  24. Edfalk, S., Steneberg, P. y Edlund, H. (2008). Gpr40 is expres-sed in enteroendocrine cells and mediates free fatty acidstimulation of incretin secretion. Diabetes, 57(9), 2280---2287.http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db08-0307

  25. Estrada-Velasco, B. I., Cruz, M., García-Mena, J., Valladares,A., Peralta, J., Guna, M. R., et al. (2015). La obesi-dad infantil como consecuencia de la interacción entrefirmicutes y el consumo de alimentos con alto conte-nido energético. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 31(3), 1074---1081.http://dx.doi.org/10.3305/nh.2015.31.3.8302

  26. Feinle, C., O’Donovan, D., Doran, S., Andrews, J. M., Wishart,J., Chapman, I., et al. (2003). Effects of fat digestion onappetite APD motility, and gut hormones in response to duo-denal fat infusion in humans. American Journal of Physiology:Gastrointestestinal and Liver Physiology, 284(5), 798---807.http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00512.2002

  27. Gentilcore, D., Chaikomin, R., Jones, K. L., Russo, A., Feinle-Bisset, C., Wishart, J. M., et al. (2006). Effects of fat ongastric emptying of and the glycemic, insulin, and incretinresponses to a carbohydrate meal in type 2 diabetes. Journalof Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 91(6), 2062---2067.http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-2644

  28. Gupta, S., Knight, A. G., Gupta, S., Keller, J. N. yBruce-Keller, A. J. (2012). Saturated long-chain fattyacids activate inflammatory signaling in astrocy-tes. Journal of Neurochemistry, 120(6), 1060---1071.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07660.x

  29. Hand, K. V., Bruen, C. M., O’Halloran, F., Panwar, H., Calder-wood, D., Giblin, L., et al. (2013). Examining acute andchronic effects of short- and long-chain fatty acids on pep-tide YY (PYY) gene expression, cellular storage and secretion inSTC-1 cells. European Journal of Nutrition, 52(4), 1303---1313.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-012-0439-9

  30. Harden, C. J., Jones, A. N., Maya-Jimenez, T., Barker, M.E., Hepburn, N. J., Garaiova, I., et al. (2012). Effectof different long-chain fatty acids on cholecystokininrelease in vitro and energy intake in free-living healthymales. British Journal of Nutrition, 108(04), 755---758.http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511006003

  31. Hauge, M., Vestmar, M. A., Husted, A. S., Ekberg, J. P.,Wright, M. J.,di Salvo, J., et al. (2015). GPR40 (FFAR1) ---- Combined Gs and Gqsignaling invitro is associated with robust incretin secretagogueaction ex vivo and in vivo. Molecular Metabolism, 4(1), 3---14.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2014.10.002

  32. Holland, W. L., Bikman, B. T., Wang, L. P., Yuguang, G., Sar-gent, K. M., Bulchand, S., et al. (2011). Lipid-induced insulinresistance mediated by the proinflammatory receptor TLR4requires saturated fatty acid-induced ceramide biosynthesisin mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 121(5), 1858---1870.http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI43378

  33. Jamshidi, N. y Taylor, D. A. (2001). Anandamide administra-tion into the ventromedial hypothalamus stimulates appetitein rats. British Journal of Pharmacology, 134(6), 1151---1154.http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0704379

  34. Joosten, M. M., Balvers, M. G., Verhoeckx, K. C., Hendriks, H.F. y Witkamp, R. F. (2010). Plasma anandamide and otherN-acylethanolamines are correlated with their correspondingfree fatty acid levels under both fasting and non-fastingconditions in women. Nutrition & Metabolism, 7, e-49.http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-7-49

  35. Kim, E., Liu, N. C., Yu, I. C., Lin, H. Y., Lee, Y. F., Sparks, J.D., et al. (2011). Metformin inhibits nuclear receptor TR4-mediated hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 gene expressionwith altered insulin sensitivity. Diabetes, 60(5), 1493---1503.http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db10-0393

  36. Kim, H. S., Hwang, Y. C., Koo, S. H., Park, K. S., Lee, M. S.,Kim, K. W., et al. (2013). PPAR- activation increases insu-lin secretion through the up-regulation of the free fatty acidreceptor GPR40 in pancreatic ˇ-cells. Plos One, 8(1), 23---29.http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050128

  37. Kim, J., Carlson, M. E., Kuchel, G. A., Newman, J. W. yWatkins, B. A. (2016). Dietary DHA reduced downstream endo-cannabinoid and inflammatory gene expression, epididymalfat mass, and improved aspects of glucose use in musclein C57BL/6J mice. International Journal of Obesity, 40(1),129---137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.135

  38. Kumar, P., Kumar, A. y Song, Z. H. (2014). Structure-activityrelationships of fatty acid amide ligands in activa-ting and desensitizing G protein-coupled receptor 119.European Journal of Pharmacology, 723(1), 465---472.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.044

  39. Land, B. B., Narayanan, N. S., Liu, R. J., Gianessi, C. A., Brayton,C. E., Grimaldi, D. M., et al. (2014). Medial prefrontal D1 dopa-mine neurons control food intake. Nature Neuroscience, 17(2),248---253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.3625

  40. Li, C., Jones, P. M. y Persaud, S. J. (2010). Cannabinoid recep-tors are coupled to stimulation of insulin secretion from mouseMIN6 beta-cells. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 26(2),187---196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000320527

  41. Lim, J. C., Lim, S. K., Han, H. J. y Park, S. H. (2010). Cannabi-noid receptor 1 mediates palmitic acid-induced apoptosis viaendoplasmic reticulum stress in human renal proximal tubu-lar cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 225(3), 654---663.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.22255

  42. Lo Verme, J., Fu, J., Astarita, G., La Rana, G., Russo, R., Calignano,A., et al. (2005). The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha mediates the anti-inflammatory actions of palmitoylethanolamide. Molecular Pharmacology,67(1), 15---19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.104.006353

  43. Loría, E. y Salas, E. (2014). Sobrepeso e integración eco-nómica en México. Economia Informa, 389, 3---18.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0185-0849(14)72171-1

  44. Lozano, J., Segura, A. y Fernández, A. (2009). Composición delaceite de oliva. En A. Fernández y A. Segura (Eds.), Aceite deoliva virgen: Tesoro de Andalucía (pp. 197---224). Espa˜na: Fun-dación Unicaja.

  45. Malik, Z., Baik, D. y Schey, R. (2015). The role of can-nabinoids in regulation of nausea and vomiting, andvisceral pain. Current Gastroenterology Reports, 17(2)http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11894-015-0429-1

  46. Maljaars, J., Romeyn, E. A., Haddeman, E., Peters, H. P. F. y Mas-clee, A. M. (2009). Effect of fat saturation on satiety, hormonerelease, and food intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,89(4), 1019---1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.27335

  47. Marí-Sanchis, A., Beunza, J. J., Bes-Rastrollo, M., Toledo, E., Bas-terra, F. J., Serrano-Martínez, M., et al. (2011). Consumo deaceite de oliva e incidencia de diabetes mellitus en la cohorteespa˜nola seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN). NutriciónHospitalaria, 26(1), 137---143.

  48. Mateu, A., Ramudo, L., Manso, M. A. y de Dios, I. (2015). Cross-talk between TLR4 and PPARy pathways in the arachidonicacid-induced inflammatory response in pancreatic acini. Inter-national Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 69, 132---141.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2015.10.022

  49. McKillop, A. M., Moran, B. M., Abdel-Wahab, Y. H. A. y Flatt, P.R. (2013). Evaluation of the insulin releasing and antihypergly-caemic activities of GPR55 lipid agonists using clonal beta-cells,isolated pancreatic islets and mice. British Journal of Pharma-cology, 170(5), 978---990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.12356

  50. Mennella, I., Ferracane, R., Zucco, F., Fogliano, V., Vita-glione, P., Vitaglione, M., et al. (2015). Food likingenhances the plasma response of 2-arachidonoylglyceroland of pancreatic polypeptide upon modified sham fee-ding in humans. Journal of Nutrition, 145(9), 2169---2175.http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.207704

  51. Mennella, I., Savarese, M., Ferracane, R., Sacchi, R. y Vita-glione, P. (2015). Oleic acid content of a meal promo-tes oleoylethanolamide response and reduces subsequentenergy intake in humans. Food & Function, 6(1), 204---210.http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fo00697f

  52. Milligan, G., Ulven, T., Murdoch, H. y Hudson, B. D. (2014). G-protein-coupled receptors for free fatty acids: Nutritional andtherapeutic targets. British Journal of Nutrition, 111(1), 3---7.http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513002249

  53. Montes, N., Millar, I., Provoste, R., Martínez, N., Fernández,D., Morales, G., et al. (2016). Absorción de aceite en ali-mentos fritos. Revista Chilena de Nutrición, 43(1), 87---91.http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-75182016000100013

  54. Ogawa, N., Ito, M., Yamaguchi, H., Shiuchi, T., Okamoto, S.,Wakitani, K., et al. (2012). Intestinal fatty acid infusionmodulates food preference as well as calorie intake via thevagal nerve and midbrain-hypothalamic neural pathways inrats. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 61(9), 1312---1320.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2012.02.011

  55. Oiso, S., Nobe, M., Iwasaki, S., Nii, W., Goto, N., Seki, Y., et al.(2015). Inhibitory effect of oleic acid on octanoylated ghre-lin production. Journal of Oleo Science, 64(11), 1185---1192.http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess15137

  56. Okun, E., Griffioen, K. J., Rothman, S., Wan, R., Cong, W.N., de Cabo, R., et al. (2014). Toll-like receptors 2 and4 modulate autonomic control of heart rate and energymetabolism. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 36, 90---100.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.013

  57. Onaivi, E. S., Carpio, O., Ishiguro, H., Schanz, N., Uhl, G. R.y Benno, R. (2008). Behavioral effects of CB2 cannabinoidreceptor activation and its influence on food and alcohol con-sumption. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1139,426---433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1432.035

  58. Palou, A., Bonet, M. L., Picó, C. y Rodríguez, A. M. (2004). Nutrige-nómica y obesidad. Revista Médica Universidad Navarra, 48(2),36---48.

  59. Parra, D., Ramel, A., Bandarra, N., Kiely, M., Martínez, J. A.y Thorsdottir, I. (2008). A diet rich in long chain omega-3 fatty acids modulates satiety in overweight and obesevolunteers during weight loss. Appetite, 51(3), 676---680.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2008.06.003

  60. Paterniti, I., Impellizzeri, D., Crupi, R., Morabito, R., Campolo,M., Esposito, E., et al. (2013). Molecular evidence for theinvolvement of PPAR-ı and PPAR- in anti-inflammatory andneuroprotective activities of palmitoylethanolamide after spi-nal cord trauma. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 10(1), 20.http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-10-20

  61. Petersen, G., Sorensen, C., Schmid, P. C., Artmann, A.,Tang-Christensen, M., Hansen, S. H., et al. (2006). Intes-tinal levels of anandamide and oleoylethanolamide infood-deprived rats are regulated through their precur-sors. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1761(2), 143---150.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00239-004-0305-3

  62. Ramos-Morales, N., Marín-Flores, J., Rivera-Maldonado, S. y Silva-Ramales, Y. (2006). Obesidad en la población escolar y la relacióncon el consumo de comida rápida. Index de Enfermeria, 15(55),9---16.

  63. Raso, G. M., Santoro, A., Russo, R., Simeoli, R., Paciello,O., di Carlo, C., et al. (2014). Palmitoylethanolamide pre-vents metabolic alterations and restores leptin sensitivityin ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology, 155(4), 1291---1301.http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1823

  64. Reséndiz, A. M., Hernández, S. V., Sierra, M. A. y Torres,M. (2014). Hábitos de alimentación de pacientes conobesidad severa. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 31(2), 672---681.http://dx.doi.org/10.3305/nh.2015.31.2.7692

  65. Rigamonti, A. E., Piscitelli, F., Aveta, T., Agosti, F., de Col, A.,Bini, S., et al. (2015). Anticipatory and consummatory effectsof (hedonic) chocolate intake are associated with increasedcirculating levels of the orexigenic peptide ghrelin and endo-cannabinoids in obese adults. Food & Nutrition Research, 59,29678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v59.29678

  66. Román, S., Ojeda-Granados, C. y Panduro, A. (2013). Genética yevolución de la alimentación de la población en México. Revistade Endocrinología y Nutrición, 21(1), 42---51.

  67. Rubio, M. A. (2002). Enfermedad cardiovascular y grasas: «Amigo ovillano». Endocrinología y Nutrición, 49(5), 145---167.

  68. Sakamoto, Y., Inoue, H., Kawakami, S., Miyawaki, K., Miyamoto, T.,Mizuta, K., et al. (2006). Expression and distribution of Gpr119in the pancreatic islets of mice and rats: Predominant localiza-tion in pancreatic polypeptide-secreting PP-cells. Biochemicaland Biophysical Research Communications, 351(2), 474---480.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.10.076

  69. Schmauber, B., Andrulis, M., Endrich, S., Lee, S. K., Josenhans,C., Müller-Hermelink, H. K., et al. (2004). Expression andsubcellular distribution of toll-like receptors TLR4 TLR5 andTLR9 on the gastric epithelium in Helicobacter pylori infec-tion. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 136(3), 521---526.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02464.x

  70. Schrieks, I. C., Ripken, D., Stafleu, A., Witkamp, R. F. yHendriks, H. F. J. (2015). Effects of mood inductions bymeal ambiance and moderate alcohol consumption onendocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines in humans:A randomized crossover trial. Plos One, 10(5), 1---15.http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126421

  71. Schwinkendorf, D. R., Tsatsos, N. G., Gosnell, B. A. y Mashek, D.G. (2011). Effects of central administration of distinct fattyacids on hypothalamic neuropeptide expression and energy metabolism. International Journal of Obesity, 35(3), 336---344.http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.159

  72. Secretaría de Salud. (2013). Estrategia nacional para la pre-vención y el control del sobrepeso, la obesidad y ladiabetes. México: Secretaría de Salud. Disponible en:http://promocion.salud.gob.mx/dgps/descargas1/estrategia/Estrategia con portada.pdf.

  73. Simopoulos, A. P. (2016). An increase in the omega-6/omega-3 fattyacid ratio increases the risk for obesity. Nutrients, 8(3), 1---17.http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu8030128

  74. Suijun, W., Zhen, Y., Ying, G. y Yanfang, W. (2014). A role fortrans-caryophyllene in the moderation of insulin secretion. Bio-chemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 444(4),451---454.

  75. Terrazzino, S., Berto, F., dalle Carbonare, M., Fabris, M., Guiotto,A., Bernardini, D., et al. (2004). Stearoylethanolamide exertsanorexic effects in mice via down-regulation of liver stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1 mRNA expression. Faseb Journal,18(13), 1580---1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.03-1080fje

  76. Ting, C. H., Chi, C. W., Li, C. P. y Chen, C. Y. (2015). Diffe-rential modulation of endogenous cannabinoid CB1 and CB2receptors in spontaneous and splice variants of ghrelin-inducedfood intake in conscious rats. Nutrition, 31(1), 230---235.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.06.008

  77. Wang, S., Xiang, N., Yang, L., Zhu, C., Zhu, X., Wang, L., et al.(2016). Linoleic acid and stearic acid elicit opposite effectson AgRP expression and secretion via TLR4-dependent signalingpathways in immortalized hypothalamic N38 cells. Biochemi-cal and Biophysical Research Communications, 471(4), 566---571.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.031

  78. Werner, N. A. y Koch, J. E. (2003). Effects of the cannabi-noid antagonists AM281 and AM630 on deprivation-inducedintake in Lewis rats. Brain Research, 967(1-2), 290---292.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(02)04274-9




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com