medigraphic.com
Órgano Oficial del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría

2020, Number 4

<< Back Next >>

Acta Pediatr Mex 2020; 41 (4)

Child abuse: neurobiology, a study strategy for the 21st century

Loredo-Abdalá A, Casas-Muñoz A, Cerezo-Cantú V, Carballido-Moreno OG, Ordoñez-Franco NA

Language: Spanish
References: 68
Page: 165-177
PDF size: 689.64 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Child abuse is a serious public health problem worldwide. Although the strategies to assist and prevent it have increased, these have been insufficient. It is undeniable that social situations such as poverty, illiteracy, customs, as well as other determinants for health, mask the frequency and consequences of the victims of this medical-social-legal pathology of humanity. The knowledge of the Neurobiology involved in MI offers new fields of research to solve four neuroimmunogenetic situations and the development of tertiary prevention strategies for the problem: 1) Is it possible to specify the development of the “transgenerational replication” of the MI? 2) Can the genes involved in the genesis of the “transgenerational replication” of MI be known? 3) Can the implementation of “Epigenomics” be a possible mechanism for the study and preventive treatment of MI? 4) Is there a medicine, a food or a natural substance that can modify the response of a gene to the existence of various elements of the environment?. To understand this problems, it is essential to know the basic concepts of aggressiveness and violence of man; the neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and neurobiochemical considerations in situations of violence. The intervention of the limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus), corpus callosum and prefrontal cortex. The role of known genes that participate in the development of violence. Finally, find a medicine, a food or a natural substance that allows to modify the actions of the genes involved.


REFERENCES

  1. UNICEF. Panorama Estadístico de la Violencia contra Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes. 1ª ed. Ciudad de México, México. 2019

  2. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública y UNICEF México. Encuesta Nacional de Niños, Niñas y Mujeres 2015.

  3. Organización Mundial de la Salud (2016). Maltrato Infantil. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ child-maltreatment el día 15/07/2019

  4. Loredo-Abdalá A. Maltrato infantil: consideraciones básicas para el diagnóstico de la formas más preponderantes. Act Pediatr Mex 2008;29:255-61.

  5. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Prevención del maltrato infantil: Qué hacer, y cómo obtener evidencias. 2006

  6. Loredo-Abdalá A. Maltrato infantil: ¿conocer su impacto económico favorece su prevención? Act Pediatr Mex 2016;37:1-3.

  7. Loredo-Abdalá A. El maltrato infantil: conceptos básicos para cambiar de utopía a realidad en México. Act Pediatr Mex 2008;29:253-254.

  8. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Subsanar las desigualdades en una generación. Alcanzar la equidad sanitaria actuando sobre los determinantes sociales de la salud. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Journal, 2009.

  9. Loredo-Abdalá A, et al. El maltrato infantil: Conceptos básicos de una patología médico social legal. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina UNAM 2013; 56: 5-10.

  10. Loredo-Abdalá A, et al. Neurobiología del niño maltratado: enfoque básico para el siglo XXI. En: Loredo Abdalá A. Maltrato en niños y adolescentes (pp. 262-275). Ciudad de México: Editores de Textos Mexicanos, 2004.

  11. Salinas S, et al. Epigénesis: secuelas de una infancia adversa. Rev Dig Univers 2019;20:1-13. http://doi.org/10.22201/ codeic.16076079e.2019.v20n2.a1

  12. Finkelhor D, et al. Children’s Exposure to Violence: A Comprehensive National Survey”. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Departamento de Justicia de los Estados Unidos, Oficina de Justicia Juvenil y Prevención de la Delincuencia, octubre de 2009. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ ojjdp/227744.pdf

  13. Provenҫal N, et al. The effects of early life stress on the epigenome: From the womb to adulthood and even before. Experim Neurol 2015;268:10-20. DOI: 10.1016/j. expneurol.2014.09.001

  14. Weaver I, et al. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci. 2004;7:847-854. DOI: 10.1038/nn1276

  15. Franklin T, et al. Epigenetic Transmission of the Impacto of Early Stress Across Generations. Biol Psychiatry 2010;68:408-415. DOI:

  16. Yehuda R, et al. Holocaust Exposure Induced Intergenerational Effects on FKBP 5 Methyltion 2016;80:372-380. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.005

  17. Rodgers A, et al. Paternal stress exposure alters sperm microRNA content and reprograms ofspring HPA stress axis regulation. J Neurosci 2013;22:9003-9012. DOI: 10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.0914-13.2013

  18. Wang D, et al. Peripheral SLC6A4 methylation is associated ith in vivo measures of human brain serotonin synthesis and childhood physical aggression. PloS One 2012;7:e39501. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039501

  19. Caspi A, et al. Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science 2002;297:851-853. DOI: 10.1126/science.1072290

  20. Mesa P, et al. Neurobiología del maltrato infantil: el ‘ciclo de la violencia’. Rev Neurol 2011;52:489-503. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.33588/rn.5208.2009256

  21. Lupien S, et al. Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nat Neurosci 2009;10:434-445. DOI: 10.1038/nrn2639

  22. Grady M, et al. Linking adverse childhood effects and attachment: a theory of etiology for sexual offending. Trauma Violence Abus 2017;18:433-444. DOI: 10.1177/1524838015627147

  23. Schore N. The Effects of secure attachment reltionship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal 2001;22:7-66. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097- 0355(200101/04)22:1<7::AID-IMHJ2>3.0.CO;2-N

  24. Lapp H, et al. Early life exposure, neurodevelopmental disroders, and transposable elements. Neurobiol Stress 2019;11:1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr. 2019.100174

  25. Jaffee S, et al. Nature x nurture: Genetic vulnerbilities interact with physical maltreatment to promote conduct problems. Dev Psychopathol 2005;17:67-84. https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2768347/

  26. Craig I, et al. Genetics of human aggresive behaviour. Hum Gent 2009;126:101-113. DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0695-9

  27. Rosell DR, et al. The neurobiology of aggression and violence. CNS Spectrums 2015;20(3):254-79. doi:10.1017/ S109285291500019X

  28. Felitti VJ, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med 1998;14:245-258. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0749-3797(98)00017-8

  29. Anda R, et al. Adverse childhood experiences, alcoholic parents, and later risk of alcoholism and depression. Psychiatric Serv 2002;53:1001-1009. DOI: 10.1176/appi. ps.53.8.1001

  30. Choi N, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and suicide attempts among those with mental and substance use disorders. Child Abuse Neglect 2017;69:252-262. DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.024

  31. Blake P, et al. Neurologic abnormaliies in murderes. Neurology 1995;45:1641-1647. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.45.9.1641

  32. Bechara A, et al. Decision-making deficits, linked to a dysfuntional ventromedial prefrontal cortex, revealed in alcohol and stimulant abusers. Neuropsychologia 2001;39:376-389. DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00136-6

  33. Marazziti D, et al. The neurobiology of moral sense: facts or hypotheses? Annals General Psychuatry 2013;12:6. http:// www.annals-general-psychiatry.com/content/12/1/6

  34. Téllez E. Neurobiología de la conducta agresiva. En: Gavrina M y Téllez (eds). Neuropsiuíatria: imágenes del cerebro y la conducta. Bogotá: Fundación Cultural Javeriana, 1995.

  35. Lynn M, et al. The Effect of Adverse Childhood Experience on Clinical Diagnosis of a Substance Use Disorder: Results of a Nationally Representative Study. Subst Use Misuse 2017;50:689-697. DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1253746

  36. Duffy K, et al. Early life adversity and healt-risk behaviors: proposed psychological and neural mechanisms. Ann NY Acad Sci 2018;40:1-19. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13928

  37. Gibson KR. The biocultural human brain, seasonal migrations, and the emergence upper paleolithic. En: Mellars P, and Gibson KR (eds). Modeling the human mind. Cambridge, England: McDonald Institute for Archeological Research, 1996: 33-36.

  38. Cichetti D, et al. Diverse patterns of neuroendocrine activity in maltreated children. Dev Psychopathol 2001;13:677-693. DOI: 10.1017/s0954579401003145

  39. Teicher M, et al. The neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2003;27:33-44. DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00007-1

  40. Kaufman J, et al. Effects of early adverse experiences on brain structure and function: clinical implications. Biol Psychiatry 2000;48:778-790. DOI: 10.1016/s0006- 3223(00)00998-7

  41. Bönke L, et al. Examining the effect of Early Life Stress on autonomic and endocrine indicators of individual stress reactivity. Neurobiology Stress 2018;10:100142. DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.100142

  42. Cassiers LLM, et al. Structural and functional brain abnormalities associated with exposure to different childhood trauma subtypes: a systematic review of neuroimaging findings. Front Psychiatry 2018;9:329. DOI: 10.3389/ fpsyt.2018.00329

  43. Teicher M. Scars that won’t heal: The neurobiology of child abuse. Sci Am 2002;286:54-61. DOI: 10.1038/scientificamerican0302- 68

  44. Teicher M, et al. Developmental neurobiology of childhood stress and trauma. Psychiat Clin Am 2002;25:397-426. DOI: 10.1016/s0193-953x(01)00003-x

  45. Collado MA, et al. Alteraciones del sueño en niños víctimas de abuso físico o sexual. Cir Ciruj. 2005; 73: 297-301

  46. Caldij C, et al. Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expresión of fearfulness in the rat. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1998;95:5335- 5340. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.9.5335

  47. DeBellis MD, et al. Developmental traumatology. Part II. Brain development. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 1271-1284. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006- 3223(99)00045-1

  48. Bowlby J. Vínculo afectivos: formación, desarrollo y pérdida. Madrid: Morata, 1999.

  49. Benoit D. Infant-prent attachment: Definition, types, antecedents, measurement and outcome. Paediatr Child Health 2004;9:541-545. DOI: 10.1093/pch/9.8.541

  50. Andersen S, et al. Preliminary evidence for sensitive periods in the effect of childhood sexual abuse on regional brain development. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008;20:292- 301. DOI: 10.1176/jnp.2008.20.3.292

  51. Teicher M, et al. Childhood neglect is associated with reduced corpus callosum area. Biol Psychiatry 2004;56:80-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.03.016

  52. Shih JC, et al. Monoamine oxidase: from genes to behavior. Annu Rev Neurosci 1999;22:197-217. DOI: 10.1146/ annurev.neuro.22.1.197

  53. Nelson E. Abuse cast a long shadow by changiny children´s genes. Epigenetic changes from abuse put victims at risk not just for chronic psychological problems, but physical ones, too. Nova 2014

  54. McGowan P, et al. Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nat Neurosci 2009;12:342-348. https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2944040/

  55. Raad R, et al. Impact of behavioral genetic evidence on the perceptions and dispositions of child abuse victims. Public Health Genomics 2015;18:11-19- https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4289447/

  56. Loredo-Abdalá A. Maltrato Infantil: Gravedad y Prevención. Ciudad de México: Editores de Textos Mexicanos, 2017.

  57. OECD. Social spending across. Capí the Child´s life cycle. En: OECD, Doing better for children. Capítulo 2; OECD. Comparative Child Well-being across. OECD Publishing; 2009. https://www.oecd.org/social/family/43570328.pdf

  58. Thornberry TP, et al. Intergenerational continuity in maltreatment. Journal Abnormal Childhood Psychology 2013;41:555-569. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC3640695/

  59. Karatekin C, et al. Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences, Stress, and Social Support on the Health of College Students. J Interper Violence 2016:1-23. DOI: 10.1177/0886260516681880

  60. Kerker BD, et al. Do Pediatricians Ask About Adverse Childhood Experiences in Pediatric Primary Care?. Acad Pediatr 2016;16:154-160. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC4779699/

  61. Hughes K, et al. The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health 2017;2:e356-66. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30118-4

  62. Dixon L, et al. Risk factors of parents abused as children: a meditational analysis of the international continuity of child maltreatment (Part 1). J Child Psychol Psych 2005;46:47-57. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00339.x

  63. Jackson A, et al. Aspects of abuse: consequences of childhood victimization. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2015;45:86-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2015.02.004

  64. Hyder Samina, Abdullah Abir. Neuroprotective effect of quercetin in murine cortical brain tissue cultures. Clin Nutr Exper 2019;23:89-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. yclnex.2018.10.002

  65. Estrada R, et al. Los flavonoides y el Sistema Nervioso Central. Salud Mental 2012;35:375-384. https://www. redalyc.org/pdf/582/58225155004.pdf

  66. Sokolov A, et al. Chocolate and the brain: Neurobiological impact of cocoa flavanols on cognition and behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013;37:2445-2453. DOI: 10.1016/j. neubiorev.2013.06.013

  67. Santamaria D, et al. Comparative effects of catechin, epicatechin and N-Ω-nitroarginine on quinolinic acidinduced oxidative stress in rat striatum slices. Biomed Pharmacother 2016;78:210-215. DOI: 10.1016/j. biopha.2016.01.016

  68. Crichton G, et al. Chocolate intake is associated with better cognitive function: The Maine-Syracuse Longitudinal Study. Appetite 2016;100:126-132. DOI: 10.1016/j. appet.2016.02.010




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com