medigraphic.com
ISSN 1405-8871 (Print)

2020, Number 4

<< Back Next >>

Aten Fam 2020; 27 (4)

Resurgence of Infectious Diseases and the Antivaccine Movement, what is Happening in Mexico?

Ramírez AJM, Hinojosa MVG, Barragán HPA

Language: Spanish
References: 30
Page: 208-211
PDF size: 110.10 Kb.


ABSTRACT

In recent years, a worldwide decline in vaccination has been documented due to complex and diverse causes resulting in the resurgence of infectious diseases. In 2017, 173,330 confirmed cases of measles were presented in 183 countries; in Mexico only twenty cases have been reported, associated to importation. In 2019, it was 28 years since the elimination of polio in the Americas; currently there have been outbreaks in 21 countries and the virus is endemic in Nigeria, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. There have also been two epidemics of pertussis in the United States (2010 and 2014) and 314 cases were reported in Mexico. All of the above could be explained in part by the anti-vaccine movement, defined as the rejection of the vaccine despite its availability, which arose after a research published in Lancet by Wakefield et al, in which the mmr vaccine was associated with autism. Lancet withdrew it putting in doubt those conclusions, that research is considered one of the biggest scientific frauds in history, which caused a fall in vaccination rates. Multiple studies have refuted the anti-vaccine argument as demonstrating a decrease in morbidity and mortality from the use of vaccines by 92% and 99%, respectively. It is necessary to use scientifically supported strategies to prevent the growth of this phenomenon. The anti-vaccine movement has also led to various ethical approaches, such as whether immunization of children should be mandatory, among others.


REFERENCES

  1. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Erradicación de la poliomielitis: guía práctica. Washington, D.C.: OPS, 2005.

  2. Ticona M, Whittembury A. Nueve años sin sarampión en el Perú. Bol. Epidemiol. (Lima) 2009;18 (11):192-4.

  3. Hurtado CA, Matías NA. Historia de la vacunación en México. Vac Hoy Rev Mex Puer Pediatr 2005; 13(74): 47-52.

  4. Hernández Ávila, Mauricio, et al. “Vacunación en México: coberturas imprecisas y deficiencia en el seguimiento de los niños que no completan el esquema”. Salud Pública de México. 2020; 62(2): 215-224.

  5. Winter K, Glaser C, Watt J, Harriman K. Pertussis Epidemic: California, 2014. Weekly December 5. 2014:63(48);1129-1132.

  6. Secretaría de Salud. Boletín Epidemiológico. Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Sistema Único de Información. México, 2019; vol 36 (47).

  7. Gutiérrez Ferman JL, Villarreal Treviño L, Ramírez Aranda JM, Camacho Ortiz A, Ballesteros Elizondo MR, Moreno Juárez MR, et al. Emerging of ptxP3 lineage in Bordetella pertussis strains circulating in a population in northeastern Mexico. Epidemiology and Infection. Cambridge University Press; 2018;146(16):2096-101.

  8. Villarreal Pérez J, Ramírez Aranda JM, Rodríguez Rodríguez I, Perales Dávila J, García Elizondo FJ, Gómez Gómez C, et al. Absence of antibodies against Bordetella pertussis in pregnant women and newborns in the state of Nuevo Leon. Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 2014;42(5):649-654.

  9. Villarreal Pérez JZ, Ramírez Aranda JM, De la O Cavazos M, Zamudio Osuna M, Perales Dávila J, Ballesteros Elizondo MR, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the safety and immunogenicity of the Tdap vaccine in pregnant Mexican women. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 2017;13(1):128-135.

  10. Díaz Ortega JL, Cruz Hervert LP, Ferreira Guerrero E, MC, Leticia D Ferreyra Reyes, Delgado Sánchez G, María de Lourdes García ML. Cobertura de vacunación y proporción de esquema incompleto en niños menores de siete años en México. Salud Pública de México. 2018;60(3):338-346.

  11. Ministry of Health, National Institute of Public Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità). Measles in Italy: weekly bullettin [Internet]. [Citado 2017 Dic 22]. Disponible en: https://www.epicentro.iss.it/morbillo/bollettino/ Measles_WeeklyReport_N35eng.pdf

  12. Dirección General de Epidemiología, 2019 [Internet]. [Citado 2017 Dic 22]. Disponible en: https://www. gob.mx/salud/acciones-y-programas/direccion-generalde- epidemiologia

  13. Hylan R, Schmedding T. A qué se deben los recientes brotes de polio. Rotary [Internet]. [Citado 2020 Ene 10]. Disponible en: https://www.rotary.org/es/understanding- vaccine-derived-polio-outbreaks

  14. Secretaría de Salud. México libre de Polio [Internet]. [Citado 2020 Ene 10]. Disponible en: https://www.gob. mx/salud/articulos/mexico-libre-de-polio?idiom=es

  15. MacDonald NE, the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine. 2015;33(14)161-4164.

  16. Segura Benedicto A. La supuesta asociación entre la vacuna triple vírica y el autismo y el rechazo a la vacunación. Gac Sanit. 2012;26(4):366-371.

  17. Williams SE. What are the factors that contribute to parental vaccine-hesitancy and what can we do about it? Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics. 2014;10(9):2584-2596.

  18. Hwang J, Shah DV. Health Information Sources, Perceived Vaccination Benefits, and Maintenance of Childhood Vaccination Schedules, Health Communication. 2019;34(11):1279-1288.

  19. Shoup JA, Narwaney KJ, Wagner NM, Kraus CR, Gleason KS, Albright K et al. Social Media Vaccine Websites: A Comparative Analysis of Public and Moderated Websites. Health Education & Behavior. 2019;46(3):454-462.

  20. Eslick GD. Answers regarding the link between vaccines and the development of autism: A question of appropriate study design, ethics, and bias. Vaccine. 2015;33(42): 5497.

  21. Roush SW, Murphy TV, Vaccine-Preventable Disease Table Working Group AT. Historical Comparisons of Morbidity and Mortality for Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in the United States.JAMA.2007;298(18):2155- 2163.

  22. Glanz JM, Newcomer SR, Daley MF, DeStefano F, Groom HC, Jackson ML, et al. Association Between Estimated Cumulative Vaccine Antigen Exposure Through the First 23 Months of Life and Non–Vaccine- Targeted Infections From 24 Through 47 Months of Age.JAMA. 2018;319(9):906-913.

  23. Taylor LE, Swerdfeger AL, Eslick GD. Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Vaccine. 2014. 17;32(29):3623-9.

  24. Hviid A, Hansen JV, Frisch M, Melbye M. Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccination and Autism: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170:513-520.

  25. Mäquelä A, Nuorti P, Peltola H. Neurologic disorders after Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccination. Pediatrics. 2002;110(5):957-963.

  26. Shelby A, Ernst K. Story and science. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 2013;9(8):1795-1801.

  27. Offit PA, Quarles J, Gerber MA, Hackett CJ, Marcuse EK, Kollman TR, et al. Addressing parents’ concerns: do multiple vaccines overwhelm or weaken the infant’s immune system? Pediatrics. 2002;109(1):124 -129.

  28. Oyo Ita A, Wiysonge CS, Oringanje C, Nwachukwu CE, Oduwole O, Meremikwu MM. Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in lowand middle-income countries. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016; 5:7. CD008145.

  29. Saeterdal I, Lewin S, Austvoll Dahlgren A, Glenton C, Munabi Babigumira S. Interventions aimed at communities to inform and/or educate about early childhood vaccination. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(11):CD010232.

  30. Cotelo J. La ciencia deja en evidencia falsas ideas y rumores más extendidos sobre las vacunas [Internet]. [Citado 2019 Mar 27]. Disponible en: https://espanol. medscape.com/verarticulo/5903854




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com