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Table 2: High blood pressure phenotypes according to clinical measurements. |
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Phenotype |
Isolated diastolic high blood pressure |
Isolated systolic high blood pressure |
Systolic-diastolic high blood pressure |
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Definition |
ESH: DBP > 90 mmHg, SBP < 140 mmHg AHA/ACC: DBP > 80 mmHg, SBP < 130 mmHg NOM 0030: DBP > 90 mmHg, SBP < 140 mmHg |
ESH: DBP < 90 mmHg, SBP > 140 mmHg AHA/ACC: DBP < 80mmHg, SBP > 130 mmHg NOM 0030: DBP < 90 mmHg, SBP > 140 mmHg |
ESH: DBP > 90 mmHg, SBP > 140 mmHg AHA/ACC: DBP > 80 mmHg, SBP > 130 mmHg NOM 0030: DBP > 90 mmHg, SBP > 140 mmHg |
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Etiology |
Multifactorial, mainly in young adults |
Multifactorial, mainly in older adults |
Multifactorial, mainly in adults > 40 years |
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Pathophysiology |
Mainly by increases in sympathetic and heart output activity |
Mainly by increases in arterial stiffness |
Mainly by increases in vascular resistance |
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Prognosis |
Long-term morbidity and mortality |
High mortality and morbidity |
High mortality and morbidity |
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Treatment |
ACEI/ARB and in some patients BB |
Combinations of ACEI/ARB, calcium channel blockers and thiazide diuretics |
Combinations of ACEI/ARB, calcium channel blockers and thiazide diuretics |
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ESH = European Society high blood pressure; ACEI = Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB = Angiotensin receptor blockers; BB = Beta-blockers. |
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