|
Table 1: Non-pharmaceutical measures for high blood pressure. |
|||
|
Interventions |
Targeted goals |
Estimated effect |
Reference |
|
Weight loss |
Ideal body mass index between 18.5 and 25 kg/m2 Net weight reduction of -5.1 kg (95% confidence interval [CI], -6.03 to -4.25) Individualize the use of medication and bariatric surgery |
4.4 mmHg in SBP 3.6 mmHg in DPB |
(32,33) |
|
Abdominal circumference |
< 94 cm on men < 88 cm on women |
|
(7,34) |
|
Physical activity |
At least 30 minutes per day for 5 days in a week including isometric exercise |
8.3 to 5.2 mmHg in SBP |
(35) |
|
Low sodium intake |
< 5 g of salt per day Reduction of intake of the size of a table teaspoon (~3 g of salt) |
2.0 to 4.0 mmHg in SBP |
(36) |
|
Consumption of food with potassium |
A maximum intake of 90 mmol or 3,510 mg per day |
Up to 11 mmHg in SPB |
(37–39) |
|
Mediterranean diet or DASH |
High intake of fruits and vegetables, along with a low consumption of high calorie foods and low fat |
Up to 11 mmHg in SPB |
(2–4) |
|
Coffee consumption |
Protective effect with < 5 cups per day |
5 to 15% reduction on CVD risk |
(40) |
|
Low tobacco consumption |
Full suspension |
|
|
|
Low alcohol consumption |
14 units per week in men 8 units per week in women 1 unite = 125 mL of wine and 250 mL of beer |
~5.50 mmHg in SBP ~3.97 mmHg in SBP |
(7,41–43) |