Table 3: Vaccination strategies for cardiovascular prevention.

Vaccine

Target population

Potential cardiovascular impact

Recommendation (class)

Evidence

(level)

Influenza

All adults with cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular risk factors

↓ MACE and

↓ cardiovascular mortality

I

A

Pneumococcal

≥ 65 years or high-risk individuals

↓ Infection-triggered cardiovascular events

I

B

SARS-CoV-2

All patients with cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular risk factors

↓ Severe infection and cardiovascular complications

I

B

Herpes

zoster

≥ 50 years with cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular risk factors

18-50 years with conditions that could decrease immune capacity

↓ Infection-related vascular inflammation

↓ Prevent infection-triggered cardiovascular events

I

B

RSV

≥ 60 years with comorbidities or cardiovascular risk factors

↓ Respiratory infection burden

IIa

B

MACE = Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events.

RSV = Respiratory Syncytial Virus.