Table 1: Integrated framework combining

polygenic risk score, coronary artery calcium, and

lipoprotein(a) for cardiovascular risk stratification.

Tool

What it captures

Biological timing

PRS

Genetic susceptibility

Lifelong (from birth)

CAC

Subclinical atherosclerosis

Intermediate stage

Lp(a)

Inherited thrombogenic risk

Constant

CAC = Coronary Artery Calcium.

Lp(a) = lipoprotein(a).

PRS = Polygenic Risk Score.