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Table 1: Risk factors for cardiac perforation by pacemaker electrodes. |
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Patient-related factors |
Factors related to the implant or technique |
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• > 80 years of age • Female • BMI < 20 kg/m2 (underweight) • Use of steroids • Comorbidities such as T2DM, HTN |
• Electrode thickness and stiffness • Active fixation mode • Excessive electrode tension • Temporary transvenous pacemaker • Non-septal tip location • Operator experience |
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BMI = body mass index. HTN = hypertension. T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus. |
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