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Table 1: Etiology of compartment syndrome due to upper or lower extremity involvement. |
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Causes in upper and lower extremities |
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Long bone fracture |
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Acute extremity ischemia with reperfusion |
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Burn injury |
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Crush injury |
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Animal bites and stings |
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Spontaneous hemorrhage/hematoma |
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Soft tissue infection |
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Non-traumatic myositis/myonecrosis/rhabdomyolysis |
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Systemic inflammatory response syndrome / mass fluid resuscitation |
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Leading causes in upper extremities |
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Animal or insect bites and stings |
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Iatrogenic high-pressure injection (liquid or gas) |
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Intravenous extravasation injury |
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Accidental/intentional intra-arterial injection |
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Birth injury (e.g., neonatal compartment syndrome) |
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Leading causes in lower extremities |
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Prolonged immobilization |
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Snakebite (due to the location of most snakebites) |