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Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía

2023, Número 3

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Arch Neurocien 2023; 28 (3)


Procesamiento de palabras en bilingüismo. una revisión de alcance basada en potenciales evocados

Sarli L, Diaz AV, Justel N

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 57
Paginas: 21-35
Archivo PDF: 445.77 Kb.


RESUMEN

Los potenciales relacionados con eventos (ERP, por sus siglas en inglés) permiten analizar los procesos involucrados en la comprensión del lenguaje con una alta precisión temporal. Las personas bilingües muestran patrones funcionales particulares en dichos procesos, producto del manejo de dos o más sistemas lingüísticos en su vida cotidiana. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar los principales componentes de los ERP involucrados en el procesamiento y reconocimiento de palabras en personas bilingües. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva en revistas indexadas y se seleccionaron 16 artículos de investigación originales, que fueron clasificados en tres categorías: factores sub-léxicos involucrados en el reconocimiento, factores semánticos y proceso de traducción. Se encontró que el aprendizaje de una segunda lengua genera cambios en la actividad cerebral desde los momentos iniciales del aprendizaje. Sin embargo, en el curso temporal se observa un desfasaje en comparación con la primera lengua. El procesamiento y reconocimiento de palabras en una segunda lengua son favorecidos por factores como la morfología y la fonética, así como la emocionalidad del estímulo. Se concluye que metodológicamente todos los estudios presentan un patrón característico, que corresponde a los momentos iniciales, medios y tardíos en el reconocimiento de palabras. Finalmente, se discuten futuras líneas de investigación.


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