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2016, Número 3

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Rev Educ Bioquimica 2016; 35 (3)


Nuevos e inesperados mecanismos de biogénesis y acción de los microRNAs

Ruiz EGR, Velázquez-Flores MÁ

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 74
Paginas: 55-70
Archivo PDF: 787.90 Kb.


RESUMEN

Los microRNAs (miRNAs) son RNAs pequeños (~22 nt) no codificantes cuya transcripción es regulada por componentes moleculares diversos. A la fecha, se conocen cuatro vías de biogénesis que dan origen a los miRNAs convencionales, mirtrones, simtrones y miRNAs delimitados por secuencias Alu. Notablemente, todos estos miRNAs ejercen su acción al incorporarse al complejo de silenciamiento inducido por RNA o RISC; no obstante, otros mecanismos de acción no se pueden descartar. Si bien la inhibición de la expresión génica es el efecto mejor caracterizado, actualmente hay evidencia que indica que los miRNAs también la pueden potenciar. Los mecanismos de acción más utilizados por los miRNAs -para regular la expresión de genes- incluyen la inhibición de la traducción y/o desestabilización del mRNA blanco; sin embargo, también se ha observado su acción a nivel transcripcional y como ligandos de los receptores similares a Toll 7 y 8. De esta forma, la divergencia en los mecanismos de biogénesis y acción de lo miRNAs parecen garantizar la regulación de la expresión génica en momentos celulares específicos.


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