medigraphic.com
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública

2019, Número 5

salud publica mex 2019; 61 (5)


Desafíos para regular los productos que contienen bisfenol A: implicaciones para la política

Mandel ND, Gamboa-Loira B, Cebrián ME, Mérida-Ortega Á, López-Carrillo L

Idioma: Inglés.
Referencias bibliográficas: 42
Paginas: 692-697
Archivo PDF: 234.46 Kb.


RESUMEN

El bisfenol A (BPA), presente en plásticos y resinas epoxi, es uno de los químicos más estudiados. Se considera un disruptor endocrino y se ha relacionado con efectos adversos para la salud humana. Algunas agencias regulatorias en el mundo han concluido que el BPA es seguro a los niveles de exposición humana actuales. Mientas la comunidad científica intenta resolver el debate sobre dichos efectos, las agencias regulatorias enfrentan una difícil situación de política pública. Los Estados Unidos de América no han implementado acciones reglamentarias por razones precautorias, mientras que Europa ha utilizado el principio precautorio para guiar su regulación ante la incertidumbre científica. En este documento exploramos el debate que rodea la regulación del BPA y la posibilidad de que los países introduzcan directrices, usando a México como ejemplo. El análisis de los determinantes del cambio de políticas sugiere que los países pueden y deben regular el BPA.


REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

  1. Vogel SA. The politics of plastics: the making and unmaking of Bisphenol A “safety.” Fram Heal Matters Am J Public Heal. 2009;99(S3):S559-66. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.159228

  2. Eladak S, Grisin T, Moison D, Guerquin MJ, N´Tumba-Byn T, Pozzi-Gaudin S, et al. A new chapter in the Bisphenol A story: Bisphenol S and Bisphenol F are not safe alternatives to this compound. Fertil Steril. 2015;103(1):11- 21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.11.005

  3. Talsness CE, Andrade AJM, Kuriyama SN, Taylor JA, Vom Saal FS. Components of plastic: experimental studies in animals and relevance for human health. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009;364(1526):2079-96. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0281

  4. Wang Z, Liu H, Liu S. Low-dose Bisphenol A exposure: a seemingly instigating carcinogenic effect on breast cancer. Adv Sci. 2017;4:1-14. https:// doi.org/10.1002/advs.201600248

  5. Manfo PF, Jubendradass R, Nantia EA, Moundipa PF, Mathur PP. Adverse effects of Bisphenol A on male reproductive function. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2014;228:57-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01619-1_3

  6. Patisaul HB. Achieving CLARITY on Bisphenol A, brain and behaviour. J Neuroendocrinol. 2019;00:e12730. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12730

  7. Abbasi J. Scientists call FDA statement on Bisphenol A safety premature. Am Med Assoc. 2018;319(16):1644-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jama.2018.3288

  8. National Toxicology Program. NTP research report on the CLARITYBPA core study: a perinatal and chronic extended-dose-range study of Bisphenol A in rats. Research Triangle Park NTP, 2018. https://doi. org/10.22427/NTP-RR-9

  9. Rochester JR. Bisphenol A and human health: a review of the literature. Reprod Toxicol. 2013;42:132-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox. 2013.08.008

  10. Hwang S, Lim JE, Choi Y, Jee SH. Bisphenol A exposure and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk: a meta-analysis. BMC Endocr Disord. 2018;18(1):81- 90. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-018-0310-y

  11. Kim KY, Lee E, Kim Y. The association between Bisphenol A exposure and obesity in children-a systematic review with meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:2521-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph16142521

  12. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on Bisphenol A. Toxicological and health aspects of Bisphenol A. Report of Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting. Ottawa: FAO, WHO, 2011. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/ handle/10665/44624/97892141564274_eng.pdf?sequence=1

  13. Seltenrich N. A hard nut to crack: reducing chemical migration in foodcontact materials. Environ Health Perspect. 2915;123(7):A174-9. https:// doi.org/10.1289/ehp.123-A174

  14. Baluka SA, Rumbeiha WK. Bisphenol A and food safety: lessons from developed to developing countries. Food Chem Toxicol. 2016;92:58-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.03.025

  15. US Food and Drug Administration. Bisphenol A (BPA): use in food contact application [internet]. 2014 [cited Sep 17, 2018]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/newsevents/publichealthfocus/ucm064437.htm

  16. Shelnutt S, Kind J, Allaben W. Bisphenol A: update on newly developed data and how they address NTP’s 2008 finding of “some concern.” Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;57:284-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.03.027

  17. US Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System. Bisphenol A; CASRN 80-05-7. Chemical Assessment Summary [internet]. 1988 [cited July 29, 2019]. Available from: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/ iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0356_summary.pdf#nameddest=rfd

  18. Schug TT, Heindel JJ, Camacho L, Delclos KB, Howard P, Johnson AF, et al. A new approach to synergize academic and guideline-compliant research: the CLARITY-BPA research program. Reprod Toxicol. 2013;40:35- 40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.05.010

  19. The European Commission. Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/213 on the use of bisphenolA in varnishes and coatings intended to come into contact with food and amending Regulation (EU) 10/2011 as regards the use of that substance in plastic food contact materials. 2018/213 2018. Official Journal of the European Union, 2018. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX: 32018R0213&from=EN

  20. Bernardo P, Navas S, Murata L, Alcântara M. Bisfenol A: o uso em embalagens para alimentos, exposição e toxicidade – Uma Revisão. Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz. 2015;74(1):1-11.

  21. Cantonwine D, Meeker JD, Hu H, Sánchez BN, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Mercado-García A, et al. Bisphenol A exposure in Mexico City and risk of prematurity: a pilot nested case control study. Environ Heal. 2010;9:62-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-9-62

  22. Quirós-Alcalá L, Eskenazi B, Bradman A, Ye X, Calafat AM, Harley K. Determinants of urinary Bisphenol A concentrations in Mexican/Mexican- American pregnant women. Environ Int. 2013;59:152-60. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.016

  23. Martínez-Ibarra A, Martínez-Razo LD, Vázquez-Martínez ER, Martínez- Cruz N, Flores-Ramírez R, García-Gómez E, et al. Unhealthy levels of phthalates and Bisphenol A in Mexican pregnant women with gestational diabetes and its association to altered expression of miRNAs involved with metabolic disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijms20133343

  24. Munguía-López EM, Soto-Valdez H. Effect of heat processing and storage time on migration of Bisphenol A (BPA) and Bisphenol A-Diglycidyl Ether (BADGE) to aqueous food simulant from Mexican can coatings. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49:3666-71. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0009044

  25. González-Castro MI, Olea-Serrano MF, Rivas-Velasco AM, Medina- Rivero E, Ordóñez-Acevedo LG, De León-Rodríguez A. Phthalates and bisphenols migration in Mexican food cans and plastic food containers. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011;86:627-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00128-011-0266-3

  26. Comisión Federal para la Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios. ¿Qué hacemos? [internet]. Ciudad de México: Cofepris, 2019 [cited Jul 29, 2019]. Available from: https://www.gob.mx/cofepris/que-hacemos

  27. Secretaría de Salud. Programa de Acción Específico. Protección contra riesgos sanitarios. Programa Sectorial de Salud 2013-2018. Ciudad de México: SS, 2014. [cited July 29, 2019] Available from: https://www.gob.mx/ cms/uploads/attachment/file/400539/pae_cofepris.pdf

  28. Secretaría de Salud. Normas Oficiales Mexicanas [internet]. Ciudad de México: SS, 2015 [cited 2019 Jul 29]. Available from: https://www.gob.mx/ salud/en/documentos/normas-oficiales-mexicanas-9705

  29. Procuraduría Federal de Protección al Ambiente. Red Nacional de Laboratorios Ambientales [internet]. Ciudad de México: Profepa, 2010 [cited 2019 Jul 29]. Available from: http://www.profepa.gob.mx/ innovaportal/v/604/1/mx.wap/red_nacional_de_laboratorios_ambientales. html

  30. Murphy L, Mérida-Ortega A, Cebrián ME, Hernández-Garciadiego L, Gómez-Ruiz H, Gamboa-Loira B, López-Carrillo L. Exposure to Bisphenol A and diabetes risk in Mexican women. Environ Sci Poll Res. 2019;26:26332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05731-9

  31. Rochester JR, Bolden AL. Bisphenol S and F: a systematic review and comparison of the hormonal activity of Bisphenol A substitutes. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123(7):643-50. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408989

  32. Maćczak A, Cyrkler M, Bukowska B, Michałowicz J. Bisphenol A, Bisphenol S, Bisphenol F and Bisphenol AF induce different oxidative stress and damage in human red blood cells (in vitro study). Toxicol Vitr. 2017;41:143- 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2017.02.018

  33. Huang W, Zhao C, Zhong H, Zhang S, Xia Y, Cai Z. Bisphenol S induced epigenetic and transcriptional changes in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Environ Pollut. 2019;246:697-703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. envpol.2018.12.084

  34. Desdoits-Lethimonier C, Lesné L, Gaudriault P, Zalko D, Antignac JP, Deceuninck Y, et al. Parallel assessment of the effects of Bisphenol A and several of its analogs on the adult human testis. Hum Reprod. 2017;32(7):1465-73. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dex093

  35. Flint S, Markle T, Thompson S, Wallace E. Bisphenol A exposure, effects, and policy: a wildlife perspective. J Environ Manage. 2012;104:19-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.021

  36. Trasande L, Zoeller RT, Hass U, Kortenkamp A, Grandjean P, Myers JP, et al. Estimating burden and disease costs of exposure to endocrinedisrupting chemicals in the European Union. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(4):1245-55. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-4324

  37. Trasande L. Further limiting Bisphenol A in food uses could provide health and economic benefits. Health Aff. 2014;33(2):316-23. https://doi. org/10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0686

  38. Institute of Medicine. Cost of environmental-related health effects: a plan for continuing study. Washington DC: The National Academies Press, 1981 [cited July 29, 2019]. Available from: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/ 812/cost-of-environmental-related-health-effects-a-plan-for-continuing

  39. Kasemsup R, Neesanan N. Knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to plastic containers for food and drinks. J Med Assoc Thail. 2011;94(suppl 3):S121-5.

  40. Secretaría de Salud. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-130-SSA1-1995, Bienes y servicios. Alimentos envasados en recipientes de cierre hermético y sometidos a tratamiento térmico. Disposiciones y especificaciones sanitarias. México: Secretaría de Salud, 1997 [cited July 29, 2019]. Available from: http://www.salud.gob.mx/unidades/cdi/nom/130ssa15.html

  41. Secretaría de Salud. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-131-SSA1-2012, Productos y servicios. Fórmulas para lactantes, de continuación y para necesidades especiales de nutrición. Alimentos y bebidas no alcohólicas para lactantes y niños de corta edad. Disposiciones y especificaciones. México: Secretaría de Salud, 2012 [cited July 29, 2019]. Available from: http://www. salud.gob.mx/cdi/nom/compi/NO-131-SSA1-2012_100912.pdf

  42. Senado de la República mexicana. Punto de acuerdo que exhorta a la Comisión Federal para la Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios a regular el uso de plásticos y sus derivados en envases de alimentos; y a la Secretaría de Salud a realizar campañas de concientización de la población sobre los riesgos sanitarios de estas sustancias [internet]. México: Gaceta del Senado, 2017 [cited Jul 29, 2019]. Available from: http://www.senado.gob. mx/64/gaceta_del_senado/documento/71742




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com