López-Romero W; Flores-Valdez M; Camacho-Villegas TA

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 65
Paginas: 170-180
Archivo PDF: 376.50 Kb.

RESUMEN

Antecedentes: La tuberculosis (TB) es una enfermedad causada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis, que se estima produce una infección asintomática (latente) en cerca de 2 mil millones de personas en todo el mundo. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda para diagnóstico de TB activa la microscopía de frotis de esputo. La radiografía de tórax suele emplearse para pacientes con resultado negativo a la detección de bacilos ácido-alcohol resistentes en esputo, a pesar de que no es lo suficientemente específi co o sensible para todas las personas con TB. La reactividad cutánea a proteínas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis puede producir reacción cruzada con la vacuna BCG, y pruebas basadas en secreción de la citocina inteferón gama (IFNg) son aún muy costosas para un empleo masivo. Objetivo: Brindar un panorama de las ventajas y desventajas de métodos actuales para diagnóstico de TB y su aplicación en entornos clínicos de bajo presupuesto. Materiales y métodos: Búsqueda bibliográfica en Pubmed con las palabras claves “tuberculosis” y “diagnosis” (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/?term=tuberculosis+diagnosis) publicados hasta marzo de 2018. Resultados: Existen nuevos métodos de diagnóstico acorde al progreso de la biología molecular. Las pruebas que usan suero como muestra para determinar si existe TB son adecuadas para países con recursos limitados por que a menudo requieren equipos fácilmente disponibles. Conclusiones: Recientemente, los enfoques de alto rendimiento (tecnologías “Ómicas”) ofrecen la opción de buscar nuevos biomarcadores, derivados del hospedero o del patógeno, lo que debería traducirse en tecnologías o dispositivos que idealmente, pueden adoptarse fácilmente en todos los laboratorios clínicos.

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