2024, Number 1
<< Back Next >>
Rev Mex Cir Bucal Maxilofac 2024; 20 (1)
Eagle syndrome: a comprehensive review of an underestimated condition
Vizuete BMX, Teliz MMA, Prada VOEJRJP, Hernández OOR, Olmedo BEP, Miranda GRA
Language: Spanish
References: 30
Page: 25-31
PDF size: 272.53 Kb.
ABSTRACT
Eagle syndrome is a commonly misdiagnosed condition caused primarily by its variety of signs and symptoms. Recent studies relate Eagle syndrome to some types of craniofacial pain that can be confused with other diseases and cause cerebrovascular accidents due to carotid artery dissection if this condition is considered a dynamic/positional pathology. It is important to have a multidisciplinary approach to Eagle syndrome that allows us to understand its pathophysiology, main clinical patterns, diagnostic methods, and treatments. This work aims to carry out an exhaustive review of the pathophysiology, clinical patterns, available diagnostic tools, treatments, and the presentation of an example clinical case to guide clinicians through this still underestimated condition.
REFERENCES
Arbildo H, Gamarra L, Rojas S, Infantes E & Vásquez H. Eagle syndrome. A narrative review. J Oral Res 2016; 5(6): 248-254. doi: 10.17126/joralres.2016.054
Badhey A, Jategaonkar A, Anglin Kovacs AJ, Kadakia S, De Deyn PP, Ducic Y, Schantz S, Shin E. Eagle syndrome: A comprehensive review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2017; 159: 34-38. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.04.021.
Fusco DJ, Asteraki S, Spetzler RF. Eagle's syndrome: embryology, anatomy, and clinical management. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2012; 154 (7): 1119-1126. doi: 10.1007/s00701-012-1385-2.
Vieira EM, Guedes OA, Morais SD, Musis CR, Albuquerque PA, Borges ÁH. Prevalence of elongated styloid process in a central brazilian population. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015; 9 (9): ZC90-92. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/14599.6567.
Piagkou MN, Anagnostopoulou S, Kouladouros K, Piagkos G, Eagle's syndrome: a review of the literature. Clin Anat. 2009; 22: 545-558. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.20804
Waters CM, Ho S, Luginbuhl A, Curry JM, Cognetti DM. Surgical management of stylohyoid pain (Eagle's) syndrome: a 5-year experience. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 2019; 128: 220-226. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0003489418816999
Santini L, Achache M, Gomert R, Mardassi A, Lafont B, Magnan J, Lavieille JP et al. Transoral surgical treatment of Eagle's syndrome: case report and review of literature. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol. 2012; 133 (3): 141-144.
Spalthoff S, Zimmerer R, Dittmann O, Tavassol F, Dittmann J, Gellrich NC et al. Piezoelectric surgery and navigation: a safe approach for complex cases of Eagle syndrome. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016; 45 (10): 1261-1267. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2016.05.011.
Galletta K, Siniscalchi EN, Cicciù M, Velo M, Granata F. Eagle syndrome: a wide spectrum of clinical and neuroradiological findings from cervico-facial pain to cerebral ischemia. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2019. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000005453
Saccomanno S, Quinzi V, D'Andrea N, Albani A, Coceani PL, Marzo G. Traumatic events and eagle syndrome: is there any correlation? A systematic review. Healthcare. 2021; 9: 825. doi: 10.3390/healthcare9070825
Costantinides F, Vidoni G, Bodin C, Di Lenarda R. Eagle's syndrome: signs and symptoms. Cranio. 2013; 31 (1): 56-60. doi: 10.1179/crn.2013.008.
Al-Amad SH, Al Bayatti S, Alshamsi HA. The effect of styloid process medial angulation on Eagle's syndrome's self-reported symptoms: a preliminary cross-sectional study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2021; 132 (1): 52-56. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.02.013.
Nastro E, Raffa G, Vinci S, Granata F, Pitrone A, Tessitore A et al. Eagle syndrome: lights and shadows of an underestimated condition of multidisciplinar interest. Advances in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 5. 2022; 100243. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adoms.2021.100243
Langlais RP, Miles DA, Van Dis ML. Elongated and mineralized stylohyoid ligament complex: a proposed classification and report of a case of Eagle's syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1986; 61 (5): 527-532. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(86)90400-7-
More CB, Asrani MK. Evaluation of the styloid process on digital panoramic radiographs. Indian J Radiol Imag. 2010; 20 (4): 261. Available in: https://doi.org/10.4103/0971- 3026.73537.
Ikenouchi H, Takagi M, Nishimura A, Yamaguchi E, Koge J, Saito K et al. Bilateral carotid artery dissection due to Eagle syndrome in a patient with vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: a case report. BMC Neurol. 2020; 20 (1): 285. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-020-01866-2.
Piagkou M, Anagnostopoulou S, Kouladouros K, Piagkos G. Eagle's syndrome: a review of the literature. Clin Anat. 2009; 22 (5): 545-558. Available in: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.20804.
Han MK, Kim D, Yang J. Non surgical treatment of Eagle's syndrome–a case report. Korean J. Pain. 2013; 26 (2): 169-172. Available in: http://dx.doi.org/10.3344/kjp.2013.26.2.169.
Taheri A, Firouzi-Marani S, Khoshbin M. Nonsurgical treatment of stylohyoid (Eagle) syndrome: a case report. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014; 40 (5): 246-249. Available in: http://dx.doi.org/10.5125/jkaoms.2014.40.5.246.
Malik Y, Dar JA, Almadani AA. Seizures with an atypical aetiology in an elderly patient: Eagle's syndrome--how does one treat it? BMJ Case Rep. 2015; 2015: bcr2014206136. Available in: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-206136
Green B, Browske L. Elongated styloid processes and calcified stylohyoid ligaments in a patient with neck pain: implications for manual therapy practice. J Chiropr Med. 2014; 13 (2): 128-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2014.06.006.
Weteid Al A, Miloro M. Transoral endoscopic-assisted styloidectomy: how should Eagle syndrome be managed surgically? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015; 44 (9): 1181-1187. Available in: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2015.03.021
Zamboni P, Scerrati A, Menegatti E, Galeotti R, Lapparelli M, Traina L et al. The eagle jugular syndrome. BMC Neurol. 2019; 19 (1): 333. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-019-1572-3.
Czako L, Simko K, Thurzo A, Galis B, Varga I. The syndrome of elongated styloid process, the Eagle's syndrome-from anatomical, evolutionary and embryological backgrounds to 3D printing and personalized surgery planning. Report of five cases. Medicina (Kaunas). 2020; 56 (9): 458. doi: 10.3390/medicina56090458.
Galletta K, Granata F, Longo M, Alafaci C, De Ponte FS, Squillaci D et al. An unusual internal carotid artery compression as a possible cause of Eagle syndrome-A novel hypothesis and an innovative surgical technique. Surg Neurol Int. 2019; 10: 174. doi: 10.25259/SNI_317_2019.
Torres A, Guerrero J, Silva H. A modified transoral approach for carotid artery type Eagle syndrome: technique and outcomes. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2014; 123 (12): 831-834. Available in: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003489414538770.
Elmas F, Shrestha BL. Eagle's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377: e18. doi: 10.1056/NEJMicm1703542.
Siniscalchi EN, Raffa G, German'o A, De Ponte FS, Galletti F. Regarding chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and Meniere's disease: interventional versus medical therapy. Laryngoscope. 2021; 131 (3): E980. Available in: https://doi. org/10.1002/lary.28870
Galletta K, Siniscalchi EN, Cicciù M, Velo M, Granata F. Eagle syndrome: a wide spectrum of clinical and neuroradiological findings from cervico-facial pain to cerebral ischemia. J Craniofac Surg. 2019; 30: e424-e428. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000005453.
Siniscalchi EN. Dynamic imaging in suspected Eagle syndrome. Eur Arch Oto- Rhino-Laryngol 2020; 277 (1): 307-307. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-019-05678-0