2007, Number 2
Salud Mental 2007; 30 (2)
Personality disorder and emotional variables in patients with lupus
Coín-Mejías MA, Peralta-Ramírez MI, Callejas-Rubio JL, Pérez-García M
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Language: English
References: 22
Page: 19-24
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ABSTRACT
IntroductionSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a prototype of the autoimmune diseases, is a multi-systemic disease characterized by an alteration in the immunological response, where the production of antibodies is directed against nuclear antigens, thus affecting many organs and systems. The course of this disease includes a wide range of clinical manifestations, different anatomo-pathological findings, and a series of immunological abnormalities. It is characterized by outbreaks and remissions. SLE can be manifested by general malaise, fever, fatigue, weight loss, skin rashes or joint inflammation, anemia, inflammation of the lymphatic glands, lowering of the defenses against infection, and cardiac, kidney, pulmonary and neurological alterations. In chronic dermatological lupus, only the skin is affected; this condition can present rash erythemas, etc. The recent introduction of new immunological diagnostic methods (antinuclear antibodies, anti-DNA antibodies, complementary fraction, etc.) has made it possible to recognize less severe forms of the disease, as well as its outbreaks and therapeutic guidelines.
Different psychological variables have been associated with the exacerbation of the disease; one of the most notable is stress, and many patients with lupus also suffer diverse psychiatric and personality disorders associated with the disease, with a prevalence oscillating between 20% and 60%. Furthermore, these alterations have been associated with a lower quality of life, poorer evolution and psychiatric antecedents. In the specific case of personality alterations, previous research has found the existence of a “triad of personality” characteristics in patients with lupus. Depression, hysteria and hypochondria are the factors making up this triad. However, it has not been shown whether these personality disorders are just another symptom of the disease or a consequence of the emotional disorders produced by it.
The purpose of this study was to test the possible existence of personality disorders and their relationship with other affective disorders in SLE.
Methods
In order to do this, we studied 30 patients with lupus and evaluated their possible personality disorders with the MMPI and their levels of depression and anxiety with the BDI and STAI, respectively. Then, after analyzing the results obtained on the tests administered, three groups were established: patients with lupus who had no emotional disorders, patients with lupus who presented clinical anxiety, and patients with lupus who presented clinical depression. These categories were represented graphically. In order to test the effects of anxiety and depression in the psychopathological personality profile, 10 between-group univariate variance analyses (ANOVA) were carried out, one for each subscale of the MMPI. The variable “presence or non-presence of emotional disorders” was the two-level factor.
Results
In the graphic representation of the personality patterns of the three groups, it can be seen that patients with lupus who did not present emotional disorders (neither depression or anxiety) did not show any alterations in their personality patterns. However, this pattern was altered in those who presented depression or anxiety. Later, the results found show statistically significant differences on the subscales of Hypochondria [F=9.795, df=1, 29, ±0.004)], Psychasthenia [F=15.266, df=1, 29, p±0.001], and Schizophrenia [F=4.97, df=1, 29, p±0.001)] among those patients who presented emotional disorders and those who did not present any emotional disorder, with the latter receiving higher scores.
Conclusion
We can state that the development of personality disorders in patients with lupus is associated with emotional alterations, which probably relate more to processes of adaptation to the disease than to the disease itself.
REFERENCES