Bolaños SM, Helo GF

Language: Spanish
References: 31
Page: 78-87
PDF size: 664.97 Kb.

ABSTRACT

Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in the elderly. The WHO estimates at least 25% of the persons over 65 years old suffers of one psychiatric disease, of which the highest prevalence is for depression. The objective of the present study is to estimate the prevalence of depression in the Costa Rican geriatric population, to determine risk factors, and the relation between depression with certain comorbidities and physical disability. The information was obtained from CRELES study (Costa Rica Estudio de Longevidad y Envejecimiento Saludable) conducted by the Centroamerican Population Center in 2002 where a comprehensive survey was applied in a national representative sample of 8.000 subjects. Subsequently, geriatric test and performance test were done in a side sample of 3.000 subjects. The present study is transversal and descriptive. A prevalence of 18.1% was determined for the general population with a statistical difference on female gender similar to other international reports. Risk factors identified were lower socioeconomic status and lower literacy level. Spirituality was documented a protective factor for depression. There was no relation between age and comorbidity with depression. There is evidence that depression increases the risk for physical disability. Also depression was associated with poorer selfreporting health status, measured by 4 items on which depressed elderly report a negative condition in each one. The relevance of these results between depression and functional disability would allow searching for preventive strategies, accurate diagnosis and more effective treatments in order to achieve a better prognosis in the future.

REFERENCES

1. Plati M Covre P Lukasova K Coutinho de Macedo E. Depressive symptoms and cognitive performance of the elderly: relationship between institutionalization and activity programs. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2006; 28(2):15-20.

2. Ellis GK Robinson JA Crawford GB. When symptoms of disease overlap with symptoms of depression. Aust Fam Physician. 2006(8);35:647- 649.

3. Keita GP. Psychosocial and Cultural contributions to depression in women. J Manag Care Pharm. 2007;13(9 Suppl A):S12-S15.

4. Stek ML Vinkers DJ Gussekloo J van der Mast RC Beekman AT Westendorp RG. Natural history depression in the oldest old Population- based prospective study. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;188: 65-69.

5. Harris T Cook DG Victor C et al. Predictors of depressive symptoms in older people – a survey of two general practice populations. Age and Ageing. 2003;32(5):510-518.

6. Harris T Cook DG Victor C DeWilde S Beighton C. Onset and persistence of depression in older people – results from a two-year community follow-up study. Age and Ageing. 2006;35(1):25- 32.

7. Penninx BW Guralnik JM Ferrucci L Simonsick EM Deeg DJ Wallace RB. Depressive symptoms and physical decline in community-dwelling older persons. JAMA. 1998;279(21):1720 -1726.

8. Koster A Bosma H Kempen GI. Socioeconomic differences in incident depression in older adults. J Psychosom Res. 2006;61:619-627.

9. Leal M Salazar R. Prevalencia de depresión en la población privada de libertad en el centro de atención institucional del adulto mayor. Rev. costarric. salud pública. 2004; 25(13):12-17.

10. Yesavage JA Brink TL Rose TL. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale. A preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res. 1982-1983; 17(1):37-49.

11. Sheik JL Yesavage JA. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist. 1986;6(1- 2):165-173.

12. Lawhorne L. Depression in the older adult. Prim Care. 2005; 32:777-792.

13. Copeland J Beekman A Braam A et al. Depression among older people in Europe: the EURODEP studies World Psychiatry. 2004;3(1):105-122.

14. Penninx BW Geerlings SW Deeg DJ van Eijk JT van Tilburg W Beekman AT. Minor and Major Depression and the Risk of Death in older persons.. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56(10):889- 895.

15. Maciejewski PK Prigerson HG Mazure CM. Sex differences in event-related risk for mayor depression. Psychol Med. 2001;31(4):593-604.

16. Kendler KS Thornton LM Prescott CA. Gender differences in the rates of exposure to stressful life events and sensitivity to their depressogenic effects. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(4):587-593.

17. Bruce ML. Psychosocial risk factors for depressive disorders in late life. Biol Psychiatry. 2002; 52(3):175-184.

18. Belle Doucet, D. Poverty, inequality and discrimination as sources of depression among US women. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2003;27(2):101- 113.

19. McCauley J Tarpley MJ Haaz S Bartlett SJ. Daily spiritual experiences of older adults with and without arthritis and the relationship to health outcomes. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59(1):122-128.

20. Greenglass E Fiksenbaum L Eaton J. The relationship between coping, social support, functional disability and depression in the elderly. Anxiety, stress and coping. 2006;19(1):15-31.

21. Sun W Watanabe M Tanimoto Y et al. Factors asssociated with good selfrated health of non-disabled elderly living alone in Japan. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:297

22. Ludman EJ Katon W Russo J et al. Depression and diabetes symptom burden. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004;26(6): 430-436.

23. Vileikyte L Leventhal H Gonzalez JS et al. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy and depressive symptoms. Diabetes care. 2005;28(10):2378-2383.

24. Katon W Lin EH Kroenke K et al. The association of depression and anxiety with medical symptom burden in patients with chronic medical illness. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2007;29(2):147-155.

25. McWilliams LA Goodwin RD Cox BJ. Depression and anxiety associated with three pain conditions. Pain. 2004;111(1- 2):77-83.

26. Lin EH Katon W Von Korff M et al Effect of improving depression care on pain and functional outcomes among older adults with arthritis. JAMA. 2003;290(18):2428-2429.

27. Hein S Bonsignore M Barkow K Jessen F Ptok U Heun R. Lifetime depressive and somatic symptoms as preclinical markers of late onset depression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003;253(1):16-21.

28. Penninx WJH Leveille S Ferrucci, L Jacques TM Guralnik J. Exploring the effect of depression on physical disability: Longitudinal evidence from the established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly. Am J Public Health. 1999;89(9):1346-1352.

29. Seeman TE Berkman LF Charpentier PA Blazer DG Albert MS Tinetti ME. Behavioral and psychosocial predictors of physical performance: Mac Arthur Studies of successful aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995;50(4):177- 183.

30. Lin EH VonKorff M Russo J et al. Can depression treatment in primary care reduce disability? Arch Fam Med. 2000; 9(10):1052-1058.

31. Robinson-Whelen S Taylor HB Hughes RB Nosek MA. Depressive symptoms in women with physical disabilities: identifying correlates to inform practice Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013 Dec; 94(12):2410-2416.