medigraphic.com
Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán

2020, Number 1

<< Back

Rev Biomed 2020; 31 (1)

Characteristics of the family Filoviridae and the Ebola virus: an update of its implications in the human population

Burgueño-Sosa EE, Esquivel-Gómez LR, Rivadeneyra-Gutiérrez E, León-López AA

Language: Spanish
References: 47
Page: 58-68
PDF size: 703.31 Kb.


ABSTRACT

The family Filoviridae is integrated by a group of filamentous RNA viruses that cause severe hemorrhagic fevers in primates and other mammals, including humans, mainly in the African continent. Ebolavirus, Marburgrvirus and Lloviu cuevavirus are the members of this family, and their main reservoirs are bats from the family Pteropodidae. The present review describes the main characteristics of the Filoviruses, pathophysiology and epidemiology on the human population, with a focus on the Ebolavirus, a pathogen of great epidemiological importance responsible for the death of 13 293 people since 1976. The Ebola outbreak of 2014-2016 was the largest in history, with 28 652 cases, representing more than 90% of the total number of cases reported since the origin of the disease (31 685). The transmission of the virus between humans can happen directly, through contaminated fluids, or indirectly, by parenteral transmission and fomites. The incubation period ranges from 2 to 21 days and the symptomatology is divided in four phases: a febrile phase with nonspecific symptoms, a phase characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms, and two with the presence of critical symptoms. Although there is no specific treatment for the Ebola virus disease, the development of potential vaccines is currently underway, and some have showed positive results in animal models. This could lead to the appearance of an effective treatment that increases the survival of infected patients, and better epidemiological control.


REFERENCES

  1. Lugones-Botell M, Ramírez-Bermúdez M. Virus del Ébola. Rev Cubana Med Gen Integr. 2014 Oct; 30(4):487-97. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo. php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-2125201400040001

  2. Anthony SM, Bradfute SB. Filoviruses: One of These Things is (not) Like the Other. Viruses. 2015 Sep 29;7(10):5172-90. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi. com/1999-4915/7/10/2867

  3. Ascenzi P, Bocedi A, Heptonstall J, Capobianchi MR, Di Caro A, Mastrangelo E, et al. Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus: Insight the Filoviridae Family. Mol Aspects Med. 2008 Sep; 29:151-85. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.mam.2007.09.005

  4. Kuhn JH, Becker S, Ebihara H, Geisbert TW, Johnson KM, Kawaoka Y, et al. Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations. Arch Virol. 2010 Dec; 155(12):2083-103. Disponible en: https://link. springer.com/article/10.1007/s00705-010-0814-x

  5. World Health Organization. Marburg virus disease. Key facts: WHO; 2018. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs_marburg/en/

  6. Miraglia CM. Marburgviruses: An Update. Lab Medicine. 2019 Jan; 50(1):16-28. https://doi. org/10.1093/labmed/lmy046

  7. Kemenesi G, Kurucz K, Dallos B, Zana B, Földes F, Boldogh S, et al. Re-emergence of Lloviu virus in Miniopterus schreibersii bats, Hungary, 2016. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2018 Apr;7(1):1-4. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41426- 018-0067-4

  8. Hurtado JC, Martínez MJ. Actualización en la infección por el virus del Ébola. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2015 Sep; 28(1):43-7. Disponible en: https://seq.es/resumen-delarticulo/ resumen-articulo-2015/rev-esp-quimioter- 201528suppl-143-47/

  9. Burk R, Bollinger L, Johnson JC, Wada J, Radoshitzky SR, et al. Neglected filoviruses. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2016 Jul;40(4):494-519. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/ fuw010

  10. World Health Organization. Ebola virus disease. Key facts: WHO; 2018. Disponible en http://www.who.int/ news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  11. Maguiña-Vargas C. Enfermedad por el virus del Ébola. Rev Med Hered. 2015 Jul; 26: 195-201. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_ arttext&pid=S1018-130X2015000300010

  12. Carrillo-Ésper R, Díaz-Ponce-Medrano JA, Peña- Pérez CA, Flores-Rivera OI, Barragán-Hernández IJ, Hernández-Trujillo E, et al. Ébola. Una enfermedad emergente. Med Int Méx. 2015 May; 31:454-64. Disponible en: http://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/ medintmex/mim-2015/mim154l.pdf

  13. Menéndez JM, Simón F, Barberán J. Enfermedad por virus de Ébola, una visión global. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2014 Dic; 27(4):230-8. Disponible en: http://seq.es/revista-dela- seq/2014-revista-de-la-seq/diciembre2014vol274/

  14. Vicente-Herrero MT, López-González AA, Ramírez- Iñiguez de la Torre MA, Capdevila-García LM, Terradillos-García MJ, Aguilar-Jiménez E. Infección por virus del Ébola. Corta historia, larga repercusión. Duazary. 2015 Dic; 12(2): 174-81. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305296580_ Infeccion_por_virus_del_Ebola_Corta_historia_larga_ repercusion

  15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreaks chronology: Ebola virus disease. Outbreaks: CDC; 2018. Disponible en: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/ history/chronology.html

  16. Eiros-Bouza JM, Pérez-Rubio A. Emergencia del virus Ébola. An R Acad Med Cir Valladolid. 2014; 51: 15- 21. Disponible en: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/ articulo?codigo=5403058

  17. Godoy P, Mayoral JM, Sierra MJ, Aragonés N, Cano R, Pousa A, et al. El brote de Ébola: la crisis local no debe impedir ver el grave problema en África Occidental. Gac Sanit. 2015 Ene; 29(1): 1-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. gaceta.2014.11.009

  18. Bucknor-Johnson K. Enfermedad por el virus del Ébola. Medidas de bioseguridad. Med Leg Costa Rica. 2015 Sep; 32(2): 1-11. Disponible en: http:// www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid =S1409-00152015000200011

  19. Ponce LF, Rubí PE, Erazo K, Martínez-Beckerat R. Ébola, una verdadera emergencia mundial. Act Ped Hond. 2015 Oct; 6(2): 506-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ pediatrica.v6i2.3544

  20. Fischer WA, Wohl DA. Confronting Ebola as a sexually transmitted infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 May; 62: 1272-76. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw123

  21. Bower H, Smout E, Bangura MS, Kamara O, Turay C, Johnson S, et al. Deaths, late deaths, and role of infecting dose in Ebola virus disease in Sierra Leone: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2016 May; 353:1-8. https://doi. org/10.1136/bmj.i2403

  22. Khan A, Naveed M, Dur-e-Ahmad M, Imran M. Estimating the basic reproductive ratio for the Ebola outbreak in Liberia and Sierra Leone. Infect Dis Poverty. 2015 Feb; 4(13): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249- 015-0043-3

  23. Arévalo AR, Saavedra M, Alarcón J. Enfermedad por virus del Ébola. Rev Med La Paz. 2014 Jul; 20(2):69-81. Disponible en: http://www. scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid =S1726-89582014000200010

  24. Baize S, Pannetier D, Oestereich L, Rieger T, Koivogui L, Magassouba N, et al. Emergence of Zaire Ebola virus disease in Guinea. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct; 371:1418–25. Disponible en: https://www.nejm.org/doi/ full/10.1056/NEJMoa1404505

  25. Dudas G, Carvalho LM, Bedford T, Tatem AJ, Baele G, Faria NR, et al. Virus genomes reveal factors that spread and sustained the Ebola epidemic. Nature. 2017 Apr; 544(7650):309-15. Disponible en: https://www.nature. com/articles/nature22040

  26. World Health Organization. Ebola virus disease, Democratic Republic of the Congo: WHO; 2018. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/ebola/situationreports/ drc-2018/en/

  27. Puerto FI, Dzul-Rosado KR, Lugo-Caballero C, Zavala-Castro J, González-Martínez P. Ébola. Pánico con sentido. Rev Biomed. 2014 Sep; 25(3): 107-9. Disponible en: http://revistabiomedica.mx/index.php/ revbiomed/article/view/53

  28. De la Calle-Prieto F, Arsuaga-Vicente M, Mora-Rillo M, Arnalich-Fernández F, Arribas JR. Enfermedad por virus Ébola. Actualización. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2016 Ago; 34(7):452-60. Disponible en: http:// www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosasmicrobiologia- clinica-28-articulo-enfermedad-porvirus- ebola-actualizacion-S0213005X15004498

  29. Mérens A, Bigaillon C, Delaune D. Ebola virus disease: Biological and diagnostic evolution from 2014 to 2017. Med Mal Infect. 2018 Mar; 48(2):83–94. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.medmal.2017.11.002

  30. World Health Organization. Ebola situation reports: archive: WHO; 2016. Disponible en https://www.who. int/csr/disease/ebola/situation-reports/archive/en/

  31. Gire SK, Goba A, Andersen KG, Sealfon RS, Park DJ, Kanneh L, et al. Genomic surveillance elucidates Ebola virus origin and transmission during the 2014 outbreak. Science. 2014 Sep; 345:1369–72. Disponible en: http:// science.sciencemag.org/content/345/6202/1369.long

  32. Holmes EC, Dudas G, Rambaut A, Andersen KG. The Evolution of Ebola virus: Insights from the 2013–2016 Epidemic. Nature. 2016 Oct; 538(7624): 193–200. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/ nature19790

  33. Carette JE, Raaben M, Wong AC, Herbert AS, Obernosterer G, Mulherkar N, et al. Ebola virus entry requires the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1. Nature. 2011 Aug; 477:340–3. Disponible en: https:// www.nature.com/articles/nature10348

  34. Betancourt-Álvarez PR, Luján-Risco Y, Ramírez-Zayas R, Calderín-Marín O. Ebolavirus: biología molecular y evasión de la respuesta inmune. Rev Cubana Hematol Inmunol Hemoter. 2015 Oct; 31(4):372-84. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pi d=S0864-02892015000400005

  35. Alonso-Remedios A, Pérez-Cutiño M, Pardo-Martínez D, Piloto-Orraca Y, Ojeda-Martínez B, Casenave- Cambet-Ramírez R. Respuesta inmune en la infección por el virus del Ébola. MediSur. 2016 Abr; 14(3):313-9. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_ arttext&pid=S1727-897X2016000300014

  36. White JM, Schornberg KL. A new player in the puzzle of filovirus entry. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012 Apr; 10:317- 22. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/ nrmicro2764

  37. Kolbach M, Carrasco-Zuber JE, Vial-Letelier V. Ébola: Caracterización, historia y manifestaciones cutáneas; lo que debemos saber. Rev Med Chile. 2015 Nov; 143: 1444-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0034- 98872015001100010

  38. Cárdenas WB. Evasion of the interferon-mediated antiviral response by filoviruses. Viruses. 2010 Jan;2(1):262-82. https://doi.org/10.3390/v2010262

  39. Jadav SS, Kumar A, Ahsan MJ, Jayaprakash V. Ebola virus: current and future perspectives. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2015;15(1):20-31. Disponible en: http:// www.eurekaselect.com/129698/article

  40. Chertow DS, Kleine C, Edwards JK, Scaini R, Giuliani R, Sprecher A. Ebola virus disease in West Africa- Clinical manifestations and management. N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov; 371:2054-57. Disponible en: https://www. nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1413084

  41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ebola (Ebola Virus Disease): CDC; 2015. Disponible en: https://www. cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/

  42. Su QD, He SH, Yi Y, Qiu F, Lu XX, Jia ZY, et al. Intranasal vaccination with ebola virus GP amino acids 258-601 protects mice against lethal challenge. Vaccine. 2018 Oct; 36(41):6053-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. vaccine.2018.09.003

  43. Reynolds P, Marzi A. Ebola and Marburg virus vaccines. Virus Genes. 2017 Aug; 53(4):501-515. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11262-017- 1455-x.

  44. Agnandji ST, Huttner A, Zinser ME, Njuguna P, Dahlke C, Fernándes, JF, et al. Phase 1 Trials of rVSV Ebola Vaccine in Africa and Europe. N Engl J Med. 2016 Apr; 374(17):1647-60. Disponible en: https://www.nejm.org/ doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1502924

  45. Wu L, Zhang Z, Gao H, Li Y, Hou L, Yao H, et al. Openlabel phase I clinical trial of Ad5-EBOV in Africans in China. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017 Sep; 13(9):2078- 85. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2017.1342021

  46. Dolzhikova IV, Zubkova OV, Tukhvatulin AI, Dzharullaeva AS, Tukhvatulina NM, Shcheblyakov DV, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of GamEvac-Combi, a heterologous VSV- and Ad5-vectored Ebola vaccine: An open phase I/II trial in healthy adults in Russia. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017 Mar; 13(3):613-620. https:// doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2016.1238535

  47. Bornholdt ZA, Herbert AS, Mire CE, He S, Cross RW, Wec AZ, et al. A Two-Antibody Pan-Ebolavirus Cocktail Confers Broad Therapeutic Protection in Ferrets and Nonhuman Primates. Cell Host Microbe. 2019 Jan; 25(1):49-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chom.2018.12.005




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com