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TIP Revista Especializada en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas

2021, Número 1

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TIP Rev Esp Cienc Quim Biol 2021; 24 (1)


Los isoprenoides como fuente de biocombustibles

Luqueño-Bocardo OI, Pardo JP, Guerra-Sánchez G, González J, Matus-Ortega G, Romero-Aguilar L

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 40
Paginas:
Archivo PDF: 306.72 Kb.


RESUMEN

Los combustibles fósiles tienen efectos negativos sobre el medio ambiente y, en los últimos años, la preocupación por el agotamiento de las fuentes de este tipo de energía se ha incrementado, por lo que es necesario la implementación de energías alternas que sean amigables con el medio ambiente, que sean económicas y similares o mejores en cuanto al rendimiento energético que las actuales. Los biocombustibles son una fuente de energía que se obtienen de los lípidos de plantas como el maíz, o de los lípidos de microorganismos como las cianobacterias, las bacterias y las levaduras oleaginosas como Rhodosporidium toruloides y Yarrowia lipolytica, estas últimas con una capacidad de acumular hasta el 70% de lípidos en relación a su peso seco. R. toruloides también tiene la particularidad de acumular carotenoides, un tipo de terpeno que tiene importancia comercial. Los biocombustibles que se obtienen de las levaduras, por su origen, se clasifican como de tercera generación, y son energética y estructuralmente similares a los que se extraen de los fósiles, por lo que algunos isoprenoides pueden ser utilizados en la industria de la aviación y automotiz para motores diesel.
R. toruloides tiene la ventaja de integrar a su metabolismo una amplia variedad de azúcares: glucosa, xilosa, manosa, sacarosa, mientras que S. cerevisiae y Y. lipolytica son incapaces de asimilar la xilosa. R. toruloides también tolera variaciones en la temperatura y el pH. Después de Y. lipolytica, R. toruloides es una de las levaduras más exploradas para la producción de biomoléculas, como los lípidos y los terpenos, a partir de los cuales es posible obtener combustibles y aditivos de combustibles. En esta revisión nos enfocamos en describir algunas propiedades de los isoprenoides y sus aplicaciones como combustibles y aditivos de combustible.


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