medigraphic.com
ISSN 2395-8723 (Electronic)
ISSN 1405-888X (Print)
TIP Revista Especializada en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas

2022, Number 1

<< Back Next >>

TIP Rev Esp Cienc Quim Biol 2022; 25 (1)

SARS-CoV-2 variants and associated cases during four epidemic waves in Sinaloa, Mexico

Batista-Roche JL, Mirabent-Casals M, Gómez-Gil B, Berlanga-Robles C, García-Gasca A

Language: English
References: 23
Page: 1-15
PDF size: 1961.82 Kb.


ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 pandemic is a global public health problem that has revealed deficiencies and challenges in health systems worldwide. To date, four waves (each one driven by different viral variants and showing different behaviors) have affected Mexico. Here we describe the COVID-19 pandemic behavior in the population of Sinaloa, Mexico after four epidemic waves. Epidemiological data were obtained from public federal databases from March 2020 to February 2022, and genomes of SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest (VOI) and concern (VOC) in Sinaloa were downloaded from the GISAID database from January 2021 to May 2022. The relative risk (RR) of SARS-CoV-2 infection was calculated from public data. Sinaloa presented four epidemic waves from March 2020 to February 2022, and each wave was driven by different variants with different degrees of transmissibility and severity. Interestingly, the delta variant (which dominated the third wave) was probably the most severe, producing a large number of cases per day and high mortality rates, while the omicron variant (which dominated the fourth wave) produced the largest number of cases per day but decreased mortality rates. Most of the COVID-19 cases in Sinaloa occurred among people between 30 and 45 years old, and the average age of the deceased was above 60 years old in all waves. Older people showed higher risk of infection than infants and younger people; however, the relative risk (RR) for people older than 60 years old decreased in the third and fourth waves. Men older than 60 years old showed higher RR than women of the same age group. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown changing behaviors in time, mostly derived from different emerging viral variants and the immunization of the population. Overall, these results show that SARS-CoV-2 infections appear in timely waves, each one driven by different variants (and subvariants or sublineages), with different degrees of transmissibility and severity. The population should continue with preventive measures to avoid infection.


REFERENCES

  1. Balboa-Castillo, T., Andrade-Mayorga, O., Marzuca-Nassr, G.N., Morales Illanes, G., Ortiz, M., Schiferlli, I., Aguilar-Farías, N., Soto, Á. & Sapunar, J. (2021). Pre-existingconditions in Latin America and factors associated withadverse outcomes of COVID-19: A review. Condicionespre-existentes en Latino América y factores asociadoscon resultados adversos en COVID-19: Una revisión.Medwave, 21(4), e8181.https://doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2021.04.8180

  2. Becerra-Flores, M. & Cardozo, T. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 viralspike G614 mutation exhibits higher case fatality rate.International Journal of Clinical Practice, 74(8), e13525.https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13525

  3. Ciarambino, T., Para, O. & Giordano, M. (2021). Immune systemand COVID-19 by sex differences and age. Women’s Health,17, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/17455065211022262

  4. Clarfield, A. M. & Dwolatzky, T. (2021). Age and ageing duringthe COVID-19 pandemic; challenges to Public health andto the health of the public. Frontiers in Public Health, 9,655831. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.655831

  5. Daria, S., Asaduzzaman, M., Shahriar, M. & Islam, M. R.(2021). The massive attack of COVID-19 in India is abig concern for Bangladesh: The key focus should begiven on the interconnection between the countries. TheInternational Journal of Health Planning Management,36(5), 1947–1949. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.3245

  6. Davies, N. G., Abbott, S., Barnard, R. C., Jarvis, C. I., Kucharski,A. J., Munday, J. D., Pearson, C., Russell, T. W., Tully,D. C., Washburne, A. D., Wenseleers, T., Gimma, A.,Waites, W., Wong, K., van Zandvoort K. & Silverman,J. D., CMMID COVID-19 Working Group, COVID-19Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium, Diaz-Ordaz, K.,Keogh, R., Eggo, R. M., Funk, S., Jit, M., Atkins, K. E.& Edmunds, W. J. (2021). Estimated transmissibilityand impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England.Science, 372(6538), eabg3055. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg3055

  7. Davies, N. G., Klepac, P., Liu, Y., Prem, K. & Jit, M. (2020).Age-dependent effects in the transmission and control ofCOVID-19 epidemics.Nature Medicine, 26(8), 1205-1211.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0962-9

  8. Duarte, C. M., Ketcheson, D. I., Eguíluz, V. M., Agustí, S.,Fernández-Gracia, J., Jamil, T., Laiolo, E., Gojobori, T. &Alam, I. (2022). Rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 challengeshuman defenses. Scientific Reports, 12, 6457. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10097-z

  9. Folegatti, P. M., Ewer, K. J., Aley, P. K., Angus, B., Becker,S., Belij-Rammerstorfer, S., Bellamy, D., Bibi, S., Bittaye,M., Clutterbuck, E. A., Dold, C., Faust, S. N., Finn, A.,Flaxman, A. L., Hallis, B., Heath, P., Jenkin, D., Lazarus,R., Makinson, R., Minassian, A. M., Green, C., Douglas, A.D., Hill, A. V. S., Lambe, T., Gilbert, S. C., Pollard, A. J.& Oxford COVID Vaccine Trial Group. (2020). Safety andimmunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine againstSARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, singleblind,randomised controlled trial. TheLancet, 396(10249),467–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31604-4

  10. Gadanec, L. K., McSweeney, K. R., Qaradakhi, T., Ali, B., Zulli,A. & Apostolopoulos, V. (2021). Can SARS-CoV-2 VirusUse Multiple Receptors to Enter Host Cells? InternationalJournal of Molecular Science, 22, 992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22030992

  11. García-Beltrán, W. F., Lam, E.C., St Denis, K., Nitido, A. D.,Garcia, Z. H., Hauser, B. M., Feldman, J., Pavlovic, M. N.,Gregory, D. J., Poznansky, M. C., Sigal, A., Schmidt, A. G.,Iafrate, A. J., Naranbhai, V. & Balazs, A. B. (2021). MultipleSARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccineinducedhumoral immunity. Cell, 184(9), 2372–2383.e9.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.013

  12. Harvey, W. T., Carabelli, A. M., Jackson, B. Gupta, R. K.,Thomson, E. C., Harrison, E. M., Ludden, C., Reeve, R.,Rambaut, A., COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK)Consortium, Peacock, S. J. & Robertson, D. L. (2021).SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immuneescape. National Reviews. Microbiology, 19(7), 409–424. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00573-0

  13. Iijima, T., Ando, S., Kanamori, D., Kuroda, K., Nomura, T.,Tisi, L., Kilgore, P. E., Percy, N., Kohase, H., Hayakawa, S.,Seki, M. & Hoshino, T. (2022). Detection of SARSCoV-2and the L452R spike mutation using reverse transcriptionloop-mediated isothermal amplification plus bioluminescentassay in realtime (RT-LAMP-BART). PLoS ONE, 17(3),e0265748. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.

  14. Krammer, F. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development.Nature, 586, 516–527. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2798-3

  15. Kyriakidis, N. C., López-Cortés, A., González, E. V., Grimaldos,A. B. & Prado, E. O. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 vaccinesstrategies: a comprehensive review of phase 3 candidates.NPJ Vaccines, 6(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-021-00292-w

  16. Martínez-Flores, D., Zepeda-Cervantes, J., Cruz-Reséndiz,A., Aguirre-Sampieri, S., Sampieri, A. & Vaca, L. (2021).SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Based on the Spike Glycoproteinand Implications of New Viral Variants. Frontiers inImmunology, 12, 701501. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.701501

  17. McCallum, M., Czudnochowski, N., Rosen, L. E., Zepeda,S. K., Bowen, J. E., Walls, A. C., Hauser, K., Joshi, A.,Stewart, C., Dillen, J. R, Powell, A. E., Croll, T. I., Nix,J., Virgin, H. W., Corti, D., Snell, G. &Veesler, D. (2022).Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron immune evasionand receptor engagement. Science, 375(6583), 864–868.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn8652

  18. Sun, K., Chen, J. & Viboud, C. (2020). Early epidemiologicalanalysis of the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak based oncrowdsourced data: a population-level observational study.The Lancet Digital Health, 2(4), e201–e208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30026-1

  19. Torres-Ibarra, L., Abreu, A. B., Carnalla, M., Torres-Álvarez,R., Sánchez, F. R., Hernández-Ávila, J. E., Palacio-Mejía,L. S., Alpuche-Aranda, C., Shamah-Levy, T., Rivera, J. A.& Barrientos-Gutiérrez, T. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 infectionfatality rate after the first epidemic wave in Mexico.International Journal of Epidemiology, 51(2), 429–439.https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyac015

  20. Turke, P. W. (2020). Five reasons COVID-19 is less severe inyounger age groups. Evolucion, Medicine & Public Health,9(1), 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoaa050

  21. Wu, S., Zhong, G., Zhang, J., Shuai, L., Zhang, Z., Wen, Z., Wang,B., Zhao, Z., Song, X., Chen, Y., Liu, R., Fu, L., Zhang, J.,Guo, Q., Wang, C., Yang, Y., Fang, T., Lv, P., Wang, J., Xu,J., Li, J., Yu, C., Hou, L., Bu, Z. & Chen, W. (2020). A singledose of an adenovirus-vectored vaccine provides protectionagainst SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Nature Communications,11(4081), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17972-1

  22. Zhang, Y., Zeng, G. & Pan, H. (2021). Safety, tolerability,and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2vaccine in healthy adults aged 18–59 years: a randomised,double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial.The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21, 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30843-4

  23. Zhou, W. & Wang, W. (2021). Fast-spreading SARS-CoV-2variants: challenges to and new design strategies ofCOVID-19 vaccines. Signal Transduction and TargetedTherapy, 6(1), 226. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00644-x




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com