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2025, Number 6

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Rev Fac Med UNAM 2025; 68 (6)

Microscopic Cities Where Bacteria and Yeasts Coexist

Ricardez-García C, Uribe-Carvajal S

Language: Spanish
References: 22
Page: 50-56
PDF size: 254.38 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Biofilms are structures produced by several microorganisms that secrete carbohydrates and protein polymers, which together constitute the “extracellular polymeric substance” (EPS). EPS is essential for microorganisms to adhere to different surfaces and plays a key role in the organization and functioning of the biofilm. A mature biofilm contains 80 to 90% EPS plus 10 to 20% microorganisms. Within the biofilm, microorganisms have different functions that depend on their species and location. Some are exposed to the host’s immune response and must resist adverse conditions, others focus on surface adhesion, while some produce more EPS to maintain stability and cohesion in the biofilm. EPS not only provides structural support but also contains communication paths that coordinate these functions. Biofilms may protect some surfaces from corrosion or attack by other microorganisms. In medicine, biofilms are a serious problem, as they protect microorganisms from antibiotics and antiseptics, perpetuating infections. Additionally, biofilms can release toxins and bacteria into the bloodstream, leading to systemic conditions that worsen the patient’s health. Due to these challenges, various innovative strategies have been developed. Some of these include designing coarse surfaces to prevent microbial attachment, using bacteriophages that target microorganisms within the biofilm, applying ultrasonic vibrations to destabilize EPS structure, and, more recently, the use of biosensors that release antimicrobial agents in a controlled manner. These new approaches aim to overcome the limitations of conventional treatments for infections and decrease rejection of surgical implants


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