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2011, Number 6

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Rev ADM 2011; 68 (6)

An in vitro study of fracture resistance in endodontically-treated teeth restored using two different post systems

Ojeda GF,Puente SF,Goldaracena AMP,Montero RVM

Language: Spanish
References: 140
Page: 290-297
PDF size: 231.58 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance to fracture under tension and compression forces of endodontically-treated single-root teeth restored with casts or prefabricated posts.
Methodology: An in vitro experimental study was performed using 60 recently extracted single-rooted teeth treated endodontically with manual instruments. The samples were randomly divided into two study groups of 30 teeth each on which two different post techniques were performed: Group A (prefabricated posts) and group B (cast posts). Following cementation, tension and compression forces were applied.
Results: The results of the tension test indicated a statistically significant difference (p = 0.04) between the groups with the cast-post group needing more force to dislodge than the prefabricated-post group. The results of the compression test showed that the cast-post group required a smaller compressive force to dislodge than the prefabricated-post group, with statistically significant differences between the groups (p = 0.001).
Conclusions: The cast posts needed less compression force than the prefabricated posts before fracturing occurred; this may be as a result of the wear that the remnant dental tissue undergoes in order to receive the post. Cast posts better withstood both tension and dislodging forces due to their being a single structure with a greater contact surface between the internal surface of the preparation and the post. The prefabricated posts did not fracture the teeth when subjected to either force; however, damage did occur to the intersurface between the cement and the post, in the resin reconstruction or in both.


REFERENCES

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  3. 3.Gutmann JL. The dentin-root complex: anatomic and biologic considerations in restoring endodontically treated teeth. J Prosthet Dent 1992;67 (4):458-467.

  4. 4.Trope M, Maltz DO, Tronstad L. Resistance to fracture of restored endodontically treated teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol 1985;1(3):108-111.

  5. 5.Pontius O, Hutter JW. Survival rate and fracture strength of incisor restored with different post and core systems and endodontically treated incisor without coronorradicular reinforcement. J Endod 2002;28(10):710-715.

  6. 6.Huang TJ, Schilder H, Nathanson D. Effects of moisture content and endodontic treatment on some mechanical properties of human dentin. J Endod 1992;18(5):209-215.

  7. 7.Harvey TE, White JT, Leeb IJ. Lateral condensation stress in root canals. J Endod 1981;7(4):151-155.

  8. 8.Rud J, Omnell KA. Root fractures due to corrosion diagnostic aspects. Scand J Dent Res 1970;78(5):397-403.

  9. 9.Sorensen JA, Martinoff JT. Endodontically treated teeth as abutments. J Prosthet Dent 1985;53(5):631-636.

  10. 10.Mondelli J, Steagall L, Ishikiriama A, Navarro MF, Soares FB. Fracture strength of human teeth with cavity preparation. J Prosthet Dent 1980;43(4):419-422.

  11. 11.Sornkul E, Stannard JG. Strength of roots before and after endodontic treatment and restoration. J Endod 1992;18(9):440-443.

  12. 12.Lloyd PM, Palik JF. The philosophies of dowel diameter preparation: a literature review. J Prosthet Dent 1993;69(1):32-36.

  13. 13.Patel A, Gutteridge DL. An in vitro investigation of cast post and partial core design. J Dent 1996;24(4):281-287.

  14. 14.Marchi GM, Mitsui FH, Cavalcanti AN. Effect of remaining dentine structure and thermal-mechanical aging on the fracture resistance of bovine roots with different post and core systems. Int Endod J 2008;41(11):969-976.

  15. 15.King PA, Setchell DJ. An in vitro evaluation of a prototype CFRC prefabricated post developed for the restoration of pulpless teeth. J Oral Rehabil 1990;17(6):599-609.

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  17. 17.Ross RS, Nicholls JI, Harrington GW. A comparison of strains generated during placement of five endodontic post. J Endod 1991;17(9):450-456.

  18. 18.Assif D, Bitenski A, Pilo R, Oren E. Effect of post design on resistance to fracture of endodontically treated teeth with complete crowns. J Prosthet Dent 1993;69(1):36-40.

  19. 19.Plasmans PJ, Welle PR, Vrijhoef MM. In vitro resistance of composite resin dowel cores. J Endod 1988;14(6):300-304.

  20. 20.Mendoza DB, Eakle WS, Kahl EA, Ho R. Root reinforcement with a resin-bonded preformed post. J Prosthet Dent 1997;78(1):10-14.

  21. 21.Suzuki C, Miura H, Okada D, Komada W. Investigation of stress distribution in roots restored with different crown materials and luting agents. Dent Mater J 2008; 27(2):229-236.

  22. 22.Libman WJ, Nicholls JI. Load fatigue of teeth restored with cast posts and cores and complete crows. Int J Prosthodont 1995;8(2):155-161.

  23. 23.Komada W, Miura H, Okada D, Yoshida K. Study on the fracture strenght of root reconstructed with post and core: alveolar bone resorbed case. Dent Mater J 2006; 25(1):177-182.

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  25. Smith CT, Schuman NJ, Wasson W. Biomechanical criteria for evaluating prefabricated post-and-core systems: a guide for the restorative dentist. Quintessence Int 1998;29(5):305-312.

  26. 26.Schwartz RS, Robbins JW. Post placement and restoration of endodontically treated teeth: a literature review. J Endod 2004;30(5):289-301.

  27. Qualtrough AJ, Chandler NP, Purton DG. A comparison of the retention of tooth – colored posts. Quintessence Int 2003;34(3):199-201.

  28. 28.Bergman B, Lundquist P, Sjögren U, Sundquist G. Restorative and endodontic results after treatment with cast post and cores. J Prosthet Dent 1989;61(1):10-15.

  29. 29.Sirimai S, Riis DN, Morgano SM. An in vitro study of the fracture resistance and the incidence of vertical root fracture of pulpless teeth restored with six post-and-core systems. J Prosthet Dent 1999;81(3):262-269.

  30. 30.Qing H, Zhu Z, Chao Y, Zhang W. In vitro evaluation of the fracture resistance of anterior endodontically treated teeth restored with glass fiber and zircon posts. J Prosthet Dent 2007;97(2):93-98.

  31. 31.Christensen GJ. Posts and cores: State of the art. J Am Dent Assoc 1998;129(1):96-97.

  32. Baldissara P, Ferrari M, Scotti R. Mechanical properties and in vitro evaluation of fiber post. Characteristics and Clinical Applications. Masson SPA. Milano 2002.

  33. 33.Silva-Herzog D, Alvarado M. Evaluación a largo plazo de la técnica de condensación lateral modificada. Rev Esp Endodoncia 1986;4(3):87-94.

  34. 34.Shillingburg Herbert T, Hobo Sumiya, Whitsset Lowel D. Fundamentos de Prostodoncia Fija. Quintessence Editorial, S.L., 3ra ed, Barcelona España: 1978. pp. 127-142.

  35. 35.Wood WW. Retention of posts in teeth with nonvital pulps. J Prosthet Dent 1983; 49(4):504-506.

  36. 36.Musikant BL, Deutsch AS. Post design and its impact on the root and crown. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2006;27(2):130-133.

  37. 37.Metzger Z, Abramovitz R, Tagger M. Correlation between remaining length of root canal fillings after immediate post space preparation and coronal leakage. J Endod 2000;26(12):724-728.

  38. 38.Raiden GC, Gendelman H. Effect of dowel space preparation on the apical seal of root canal fillings. Endod Dent Traumatol 1994;10(3):109-112.

  39. 39.Wu MK, Pehlivan Y, Kontakiotis EG, Wesselink PR. Microleakage along apical root fillings and cemented posts. J Prosthet Dent 1984;79(3):264-269.

  40. 40.Abou-Rass M. Endodontics. The restoration of endodontically treated teeth. New answers to an old problem. Alpha Omegan 1982;75(4):68-97.

  41. 41.Mitsui FH, Marchi GM, Pimenta LA, Ferraresi PM. In vitro study of fracture resistance of bovine roots using different intraradicular post system. Quintessence Int 2004;35(8):612-616.

  42. 42.Kakehashi Y, Lüthy H, Naef R, Wohlwend. A, Schärer P. A new all-ceramic post and core system: clinical, technical, and in vitro results. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1998;18(6):586-593.

  43. 43.Hemmings KW, King PA, Setchell DJ. Resistance to torsional forces of various post and core designs. J Prosthet Dent 1991;66(3):325-329.

  44. 44.Ho MH, Lee SY, Chenn HH, Lee MC. Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the effects of posts on stress distributions in dentin. J Prosthet Dent 1994; 72(4):367-372.

  45. 45.Okada D, Miura H, Suzuki C, Komada W, Shin C, Yamamoto M, Masuoka D. Stress distributions in roots restored with different types of post systems with composite resin. Dent Mater J 2008;27(4):605-611.

  46. 46.Yamamoto M, Miura H, Okada D, Komada W, Masuoka D. Photoelastic stress analysis of different post and core restoration methods. Dent Mater J 2009; 28(2):204-211.

  47. 47.Mattison GD. Photoelastic stress analysis of cast gold endodontic posts. J Prosthet Dent 1982;48(4):407-411.

  48. 48.Cohen BI, Pagnillo M, Musikant BL, Deutsch AS. Comparison of the retentive and photoelastic properties of two prefabricated endodontic post systems. J Oral Rehabil 1999 ;26(6):488-494.

  49. 49.Lovdahl PE, Nicholls JI. Pin retained amalgam core vs castgold dowel cores. J Prosthet Dent 1977;38(5):507-514.

  50. 50.Zhi-Yue L, Yu-Xing Z. Effects of post-core design and ferrule on fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary central incisors. J Prosthet Dent 2003;89 (4):368-373.

  51. 51.Isidor F, Brøndum K, Ravnholt G. The influence of post length and crown ferrule length on the resistance to cyclic loading of bovine teeth with prefabricated titanium posts. J Prosthet Dent 1999;12(1):78-82.

  52. 52.Heydecke G, Butz F, Hussein A, Strub JR. Fracture strength after dynamic loading of endodontically treated teeth restored with different port and core systems. J Prosthet Dent 2002;87(4):438-445.

  53. 53.Dilmener FT, Sipahi C, Dalkiz M. Resistance of three new esthetic post-and-core systems to compressive loading. J Prosthet Dent 2006;95(2):130-136.

  54. 54.Raygot CG, Chai J, Jameson DL. Fracture resistance and primary failure mode of endodontically treated teeth restored with a carbon fiber–reinforced resin post system in vitro. Int J Prosthodont 2001;14(2):141-145.

  55. 55.Sendhilnathan D, Nayard S. The effect of post-core and ferrule on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary central incisors. Indian J Dent Res 2008;19(1):17-21.

  56. 56.Komada W, Miura H, Okada D, Yoshida K. Study on the strength of root reconstructed with post and core: alveolar bone resorbed case. Dent Mater J 2006; 25(1):177-182.

  57. 57.Sidoli GE, King PA, Setchell DJ. An in vitro evaluation of a carbon fiber-based post and core system. J Prosthet Dent 1997;78(1):5-9.

  58. 58.Fraga RC, Chaves BT, Mello GS, Siqueira JF Jr. Fracture resistance of endodontically treated roots after restoration. J Oral Rehabil 1998;25(11):809-813.

  59. 59.Saupe WA, Gluskin AH, Radke RA Jr. A comparative study of fracture resistance between morphologic dowel and cores and resin-reinforced dowel system in the intraradicular restoration of structurally compromised root. Quintessence Int 1996; 27(7):483-491.

  60. 60.Stegaroiu R, Yamada H, Kusakari H, Miyakawa O. Retention and failure mode after cyclic loading in two post and core system. J Prosthet Dent 1996;75(5):506-511.

  61. 61.Martinez-Insua A, da Silva L, Rilo B, Santana U. Comparison of the fracture resistances of pulpless teeth restored with a cast post and core or carbon-fiber post whit a composite core. J Prosthet Dent 1998;80(5):527-532.

  62. 62.Robbins JW. Guideliness for the restoration of endodontically treated teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 1990;120(5):558-566.

  63. 63.Llena-Puy MC. Forner-Navarro L, Barbero-Navarro I. Vertical root fracture in endodontically treated teeth: a review of 25 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;92(5):553-555.

  64. 64.Isidor F, Brøndum K. Intermittent loading of teeth with tapered, individually cast or prefabricated, parallel-sided posts. Int J Prosthodont 1992;5(3):257-261.

  65. 65.Pithan S, Vieira Rde S, Chain MC. Tensile bond strength of intracanal posts in primary anterior teeth: an in vitro study. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2002;27(1);35-39.

  66. 66.Purton DG, Love RM, Rigidity and retention of carbon fibre and versus stainless steel root canal posts. Int Endod J 1996;29(4):262-265.

  67. Gómez -Polo M, Llidó B, Rivero A, Del Rio J, Celemin A. A 10–Year retrospective study of the survival rate of teeth restored with metal prefabricated posts versus cast metal posts and cores. J Dent 2010;38(11):916-920.

  68. 68.Hatzikyriakos AH, Reisis GI, Tsingos N. A 3-year postoperative clinical evaluation of posts and cores beneath existing crowns. J Prosthet Dent 1992;67(4):454-457.

  69. 69.Creurgers NH, Mentink AG, Fokkinga WA, Kreulen CM. 5-years follow-up of a prospective clinical study on various types of core restorations. Int J Prosthodont 2005;18(1):34-39.

  70. 70.Torbjörner A, Karlsson S, Odman PA. Survival rate and failure characteristics for two post designs. J Prosthet Dent 1995;73(5):439-445.

  71. Ring. Historia Ilustrada de la Odontología. Editorial Mosby/ Doyma. 2 ed. Barcelona Madrid: 1992. pp. 89-91.

  72. Fauchard P. The Surgeon Dentist. Birmingham, Alabama, 2nded. vol 1 USA: reprinted by the Classics of Dentistry Library, 1980. pp. 173-204.

  73. Gutmann JL. The dentin-root complex: anatomic and biologic considerations in restoring endodontically treated teeth. J Prosthet Dent 1992;67 (4):458-467.

  74. Trope M, Maltz DO, Tronstad L. Resistance to fracture of restored endodontically treated teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol 1985;1(3):108-111.

  75. Pontius O, Hutter JW. Survival rate and fracture strength of incisor restored with different post and core systems and endodontically treated incisor without coronorradicular reinforcement. J Endod 2002;28(10):710-715.

  76. Huang TJ, Schilder H, Nathanson D. Effects of moisture content and endodontic treatment on some mechanical properties of human dentin. J Endod 1992;18(5):209-215.

  77. Harvey TE, White JT, Leeb IJ. Lateral condensation stress in root canals. J Endod 1981;7(4):151-155.

  78. Rud J, Omnell KA. Root fractures due to corrosion diagnostic aspects. Scand J Dent Res 1970;78(5):397-403.

  79. Sorensen JA, Martinoff JT. Endodontically treated teeth as abutments. J Prosthet Dent 1985;53(5):631-636.

  80. Mondelli J, Steagall L, Ishikiriama A, Navarro MF, Soares FB. Fracture strength of human teeth with cavity preparation. J Prosthet Dent 1980;43(4):419-422.

  81. Sornkul E, Stannard JG. Strength of roots before and after endodontic treatment and restoration. J Endod 1992;18(9):440-443.

  82. Lloyd PM, Palik JF. The philosophies of dowel diameter preparation: a literature review. J Prosthet Dent 1993;69(1):32-36.

  83. Patel A, Gutteridge DL. An in vitro investigation of cast post and partial core design. J Dent 1996;24(4):281-287.

  84. Marchi GM, Mitsui FH, Cavalcanti AN. Effect of remaining dentine structure and thermal-mechanical aging on the fracture resistance of bovine roots with different post and core systems. Int Endod J 2008;41(11):969-976.

  85. King PA, Setchell DJ. An in vitro evaluation of a prototype CFRC prefabricated post developed for the restoration of pulpless teeth. J Oral Rehabil 1990;17(6):599-609.

  86. Pierrisnard L, Bohin F, Renault P, Barquins M. Corono-radicular reconstruction of pulpless teeth: a mechanical study using finite element analysis. J Prosthet Dent 2002;88(4):442-448.

  87. Ross RS, Nicholls JI, Harrington GW. A comparison of strains generated during placement of five endodontic post. J Endod 1991;17(9):450-456.

  88. Assif D, Bitenski A, Pilo R, Oren E. Effect of post design on resistance to fracture of endodontically treated teeth with complete crowns. J Prosthet Dent 1993;69(1):36-40.

  89. Plasmans PJ, Welle PR, Vrijhoef MM. In vitro resistance of composite resin dowel cores. J Endod 1988;14(6):300-304.

  90. Mendoza DB, Eakle WS, Kahl EA, Ho R. Root reinforcement with a resin-bonded preformed post. J Prosthet Dent 1997;78(1):10-14.

  91. Suzuki C, Miura H, Okada D, Komada W. Investigation of stress distribution in roots restored with different crown materials and luting agents. Dent Mater J 2008; 27(2):229-236.

  92. Libman WJ, Nicholls JI. Load fatigue of teeth restored with cast posts and cores and complete crows. Int J Prosthodont 1995;8(2):155-161.

  93. Komada W, Miura H, Okada D, Yoshida K. Study on the fracture strenght of root reconstructed with post and core: alveolar bone resorbed case. Dent Mater J 2006; 25(1):177-182.

  94. Hudis SI, Goldstein GR. Restoration of endodontically treated teeth: a review of the literature. J Prosthet Dent 1986;55(1):33-38.

  95. Smith CT, Schuman NJ, Wasson W. Biomechanical criteria for evaluating prefabricated post-and-core systems: a guide for the restorative dentist. Quintessence Int 1998;29(5):305-312.

  96. Schwartz RS, Robbins JW. Post placement and restoration of endodontically treated teeth: a literature review. J Endod 2004;30(5):289-301.

  97. Qualtrough AJ, Chandler NP, Purton DG. A comparison of the retention of tooth – colored posts. Quintessence Int 2003;34(3):199-201.

  98. Bergman B, Lundquist P, Sjögren U, Sundquist G. Restorative and endodontic results after treatment with cast post and cores. J Prosthet Dent 1989;61(1):10-15.

  99. Sirimai S, Riis DN, Morgano SM. An in vitro study of the fracture resistance and the incidence of vertical root fracture of pulpless teeth restored with six post-and-core systems. J Prosthet Dent 1999;81(3):262-269.

  100. Qing H, Zhu Z, Chao Y, Zhang W. In vitro evaluation of the fracture resistance of anterior endodontically treated teeth restored with glass fiber and zircon posts. J Prosthet Dent 2007;97(2):93-98.

  101. Christensen GJ. Posts and cores: State of the art. J Am Dent Assoc 1998;129(1):96-97.

  102. Baldissara P, Ferrari M, Scotti R. Mechanical properties and in vitro evaluation of fiber post. Characteristics and Clinical Applications. Masson SPA. Milano 2002.

  103. Silva-Herzog D, Alvarado M. Evaluación a largo plazo de la técnica de condensación lateral modificada. Rev Esp Endodoncia 1986;4(3):87-94.

  104. Shillingburg Herbert T, Hobo Sumiya, Whitsset Lowel D. Fundamentos de Prostodoncia Fija. Quintessence Editorial, S.L., 3ra ed, Barcelona España: 1978. pp. 127-142.

  105. Wood WW. Retention of posts in teeth with nonvital pulps. J Prosthet Dent 1983; 49(4):504-506.

  106. Musikant BL, Deutsch AS. Post design and its impact on the root and crown. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2006;27(2):130-133.

  107. Metzger Z, Abramovitz R, Tagger M. Correlation between remaining length of root canal fillings after immediate post space preparation and coronal leakage. J Endod 2000;26(12):724-728.

  108. Raiden GC, Gendelman H. Effect of dowel space preparation on the apical seal of root canal fillings. Endod Dent Traumatol 1994;10(3):109-112.

  109. Wu MK, Pehlivan Y, Kontakiotis EG, Wesselink PR. Microleakage along apical root fillings and cemented posts. J Prosthet Dent 1984;79(3):264-269.

  110. Abou-Rass M. Endodontics. The restoration of endodontically treated teeth. New answers to an old problem. Alpha Omegan 1982;75(4):68-97.

  111. Mitsui FH, Marchi GM, Pimenta LA, Ferraresi PM. In vitro study of fracture resistance of bovine roots using different intraradicular post system. Quintessence Int 2004;35(8):612-616.

  112. Kakehashi Y, Lüthy H, Naef R, Wohlwend. A, Schärer P. A new all-ceramic post and core system: clinical, technical, and in vitro results. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1998;18(6):586-593.

  113. Hemmings KW, King PA, Setchell DJ. Resistance to torsional forces of various post and core designs. J Prosthet Dent 1991;66(3):325-329.

  114. Ho MH, Lee SY, Chenn HH, Lee MC. Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the effects of posts on stress distributions in dentin. J Prosthet Dent 1994; 72(4):367-372.

  115. Okada D, Miura H, Suzuki C, Komada W, Shin C, Yamamoto M, Masuoka D. Stress distributions in roots restored with different types of post systems with composite resin. Dent Mater J 2008;27(4):605-611.

  116. Yamamoto M, Miura H, Okada D, Komada W, Masuoka D. Photoelastic stress analysis of different post and core restoration methods. Dent Mater J 2009; 28(2):204-211.

  117. Mattison GD. Photoelastic stress analysis of cast gold endodontic posts. J Prosthet Dent 1982;48(4):407-411.

  118. Cohen BI, Pagnillo M, Musikant BL, Deutsch AS. Comparison of the retentive and photoelastic properties of two prefabricated endodontic post systems. J Oral Rehabil 1999 ;26(6):488-494.

  119. Lovdahl PE, Nicholls JI. Pin retained amalgam core vs castgold dowel cores. J Prosthet Dent 1977;38(5):507-514.

  120. Zhi-Yue L, Yu-Xing Z. Effects of post-core design and ferrule on fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary central incisors. J Prosthet Dent 2003;89 (4):368-373.

  121. Isidor F, Brøndum K, Ravnholt G. The influence of post length and crown ferrule length on the resistance to cyclic loading of bovine teeth with prefabricated titanium posts. J Prosthet Dent 1999;12(1):78-82.

  122. Heydecke G, Butz F, Hussein A, Strub JR. Fracture strength after dynamic loading of endodontically treated teeth restored with different port and core systems. J Prosthet Dent 2002;87(4):438-445.

  123. Dilmener FT, Sipahi C, Dalkiz M. Resistance of three new esthetic post-and-core systems to compressive loading. J Prosthet Dent 2006;95(2):130-136.

  124. Raygot CG, Chai J, Jameson DL. Fracture resistance and primary failure mode of endodontically treated teeth restored with a carbon fiber–reinforced resin post system in vitro. Int J Prosthodont 2001;14(2):141-145.

  125. Sendhilnathan D, Nayard S. The effect of post-core and ferrule on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary central incisors. Indian J Dent Res 2008;19(1):17-21.

  126. Komada W, Miura H, Okada D, Yoshida K. Study on the strength of root reconstructed with post and core: alveolar bone resorbed case. Dent Mater J 2006; 25(1):177-182.

  127. Sidoli GE, King PA, Setchell DJ. An in vitro evaluation of a carbon fiber-based post and core system. J Prosthet Dent 1997;78(1):5-9.

  128. Fraga RC, Chaves BT, Mello GS, Siqueira JF Jr. Fracture resistance of endodontically treated roots after restoration. J Oral Rehabil 1998;25(11):809-813.

  129. Saupe WA, Gluskin AH, Radke RA Jr. A comparative study of fracture resistance between morphologic dowel and cores and resin-reinforced dowel system in the intraradicular restoration of structurally compromised root. Quintessence Int 1996; 27(7):483-491.

  130. Stegaroiu R, Yamada H, Kusakari H, Miyakawa O. Retention and failure mode after cyclic loading in two post and core system. J Prosthet Dent 1996;75(5):506-511.

  131. Martinez-Insua A, da Silva L, Rilo B, Santana U. Comparison of the fracture resistances of pulpless teeth restored with a cast post and core or carbon-fiber post whit a composite core. J Prosthet Dent 1998;80(5):527-532.

  132. Robbins JW. Guideliness for the restoration of endodontically treated teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 1990;120(5):558-566.

  133. Llena-Puy MC. Forner-Navarro L, Barbero-Navarro I. Vertical root fracture in endodontically treated teeth: a review of 25 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;92(5):553-555.

  134. Isidor F, Brøndum K. Intermittent loading of teeth with tapered, individually cast or prefabricated, parallel-sided posts. Int J Prosthodont 1992;5(3):257-261.

  135. Pithan S, Vieira Rde S, Chain MC. Tensile bond strength of intracanal posts in primary anterior teeth: an in vitro study. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2002;27(1);35-39.

  136. Purton DG, Love RM, Rigidity and retention of carbon fibre and versus stainless steel root canal posts. Int Endod J 1996;29(4):262-265.

  137. Gómez-Polo M, Llidó B, Rivero A, Del Rio J, Celemin A. A 10–Year retrospective study of the survival rate of teeth restored with metal prefabricated posts versus cast metal posts and cores. J Dent 2010;38(11):916-920.

  138. Hatzikyriakos AH, Reisis GI, Tsingos N. A 3-year postoperative clinical evaluation of posts and cores beneath existing crowns. J Prosthet Dent 1992;67(4):454-457.

  139. Creurgers NH, Mentink AG, Fokkinga WA, Kreulen CM. 5-years follow-up of a prospective clinical study on various types of core restorations. Int J Prosthodont 2005;18(1):34-39.

  140. Torbjörner A, Karlsson S, Odman PA. Survival rate and failure characteristics for two post designs. J Prosthet Dent 1995;73(5):439-445.




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